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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of
the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the quarterly period endedCommission file
March 31, 2022number1-5805
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware13-2624428
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. employer
identification no.)
383 Madison Avenue,
New York,New York10179
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 270-6000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each classTrading Symbol(s)Name of each exchange on which registered
Common stockJPMThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 5.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series DD
JPM PR DThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 6.00% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series EE
JPM PR CThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.75% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series GG
JPM PR JThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.55% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series JJJPM PR KThe New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.625% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series LL
JPM PR L
The New York Stock Exchange
Depositary Shares, each representing a one-four hundredth interest in a share of 4.20% Non-Cumulative Preferred Stock, Series MMJPM PR MThe New York Stock Exchange
Alerian MLP Index ETNs due May 24, 2024AMJNYSE Arca, Inc.
Guarantee of Callable Fixed Rate Notes due June 10, 2032 of JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC
JPM/32The New York Stock Exchange
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer☒Accelerated filer☐
Non-accelerated filer☐Smaller reporting company☐
Emerging growth company☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No
Number of shares of common stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022: 2,937,050,466


FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Item 1.
80
81
82
83
84
85
164
165
166
Item 2.
3
4
5
9
12
15
17
34
35
41
49
54
66
67
72
74
75
78
79
Item 3.175
Item 4.175
Item 1.175
Item 1A.175
Item 2.175
Item 3.176
Item 4.176
Item 5.176
Item 6.176
2

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated financial highlights (unaudited)
As of or for the period ended, (in millions, except per share, ratio, headcount data and where otherwise noted)

1Q224Q213Q212Q211Q21
Selected income statement data
Total net revenue$30,717 $29,257 $29,647 $30,479 $32,266 
Total noninterest expense19,191 17,888 17,063 17,667 18,725 
Pre-provision profit(a)
11,526 11,369 12,584 12,812 13,541 
Provision for credit losses1,463 (1,288)(1,527)(2,285)(4,156)
Income before income tax expense10,063 12,657 14,111 15,097 17,697 
Income tax expense1,781 2,258 2,424 3,149 3,397 
Net income
$8,282 $10,399 $11,687 $11,948 $14,300 
Earnings per share data
Net income:     Basic
$2.64 $3.33 $3.74 $3.79 $4.51 
         Diluted2.63 3.33 3.74 3.78 4.50 
Average shares: Basic2,977.0 2,977.3 2,999.9 3,036.6 3,073.5 
         Diluted2,981.0 2,981.8 3,005.1 3,041.9 3,078.9 
Market and per common share data
Market capitalization400,379 466,206 483,748 464,778 460,820 
Common shares at period-end2,937.1 2,944.1 2,955.3 2,988.2 3,027.1 
Book value per share86.16 88.07 86.36 84.85 82.31 
Tangible book value per share (“TBVPS”)(a)
69.58 71.53 69.87 68.91 66.56 
Cash dividends declared per share1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 0.90 
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity (“ROE”)(b)
13 %16 %18 %18 %23 %
Return on tangible common equity (“ROTCE”)(a)(b)
16 19 22 23 29 
Return on assets(b)
0.86 1.08 1.24 1.29 1.61 
Overhead ratio62 61 58 58 58 
Loans-to-deposits ratio42 44 43 45 44 
Firm Liquidity coverage ratio (“LCR”) (average)110 111 112 111 110 
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. LCR (average)181 178 174 171 166 
Common equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) capital ratio(c)
11.9 13.1 12.9 13.0 13.1 
Tier 1 capital ratio(c)
13.7 15.0 15.0 15.1 15.0 
Total capital ratio(c)
15.4 16.8 16.9 17.1 17.2 
Tier 1 leverage ratio(c)
6.2 6.5 6.6 6.6 6.7 
Supplementary leverage ratio (“SLR”)(c)
5.2 5.4 5.5 5.4 6.7 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Trading assets$511,528 $433,575 $515,901 $520,588 $544,052 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses679,460 672,232 595,132 573,637 597,394 
Loans1,073,285 1,077,714 1,044,615 1,040,954 1,011,307 
Total assets3,954,687 3,743,567 3,757,576 3,684,256 3,689,336 
Deposits2,561,207 2,462,303 2,402,353 2,305,217 2,278,112 
Long-term debt293,239 301,005 298,465 299,926 279,427 
Common stockholders’ equity253,061 259,289 255,203 253,548 249,151 
Total stockholders’ equity285,899 294,127 290,041 286,386 280,714 
Headcount273,948 271,025 265,790 260,110 259,350 
Credit quality metrics
Allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments$19,591 $18,689 $20,528 $22,585 $25,611 
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans1.69 %1.62 %1.86 %2.02 %2.42 %
Nonperforming assets$8,605 $8,346 $8,882 $9,802 $10,257 
Net charge-offs582 550 524 734 1,057 
Net charge-off rate0.24 %0.22 %0.21 %0.31 %0.45 %
(a)Pre-provision profit, TBVPS and ROTCE are each non-GAAP financial measures. Tangible common equity (“TCE”) is also a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a further discussion of these measures.
(b)Quarterly ratios are based upon annualized amounts.
(c)The capital metrics reflect the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the Current Expected Credit Losses ("CECL") capital transition provisions. For the period ended March 31, 2021, the SLR reflected the temporary exclusions of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 35-40 of this Form 10-Q and pages 86-96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
3

INTRODUCTION
The following is Management’s discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations (“MD&A”) of JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorgan Chase” or the “Firm”) for the first quarter of 2022.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the first quarter of 2022 (“Form 10-Q”) should be read together with JPMorgan Chase’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021 (“2021 Form 10-K”). Refer to the Glossary of terms and acronyms and line of business (“LOB”) metrics on pages 166-174 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout this Form 10-Q.
This Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorgan Chase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-looking Statements on page 79 of this Form 10-Q and Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, on pages 9-33 of the 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the factors that could cause JPMorgan Chase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results will be in line with any outlook information set forth herein, and the Firm does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (NYSE: JPM), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading financial services firm based in the United States of America (“U.S.”), with operations worldwide. JPMorgan Chase had $4.0 trillion in assets and $285.9 billion in stockholders’ equity as of March 31, 2022. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Under the J.P. Morgan and Chase brands, the Firm serves millions of customers predominantly in the U.S., and many of the world’s most prominent corporate, institutional and government clients globally.
JPMorgan Chase’s principal bank subsidiary is JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association (“JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.”), a national banking association with U.S. branches in 48 states and Washington, D.C. as of March 31, 2022. JPMorgan Chase’s principal non-bank subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities LLC (“J.P. Morgan Securities”), a U.S. broker-dealer. The bank and non-bank subsidiaries of JPMorgan Chase operate nationally as well as through overseas branches and subsidiaries, representative offices and subsidiary foreign banks. The Firm’s principal operating subsidiaries outside the U.S. are J.P. Morgan Securities plc and J.P. Morgan SE ("JPMSE"), which are subsidiaries of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and are based in the United Kingdom ("U.K.") and Germany, respectively.
For management reporting purposes, the Firm’s activities are organized into four major reportable business segments, as well as a Corporate segment. The Firm’s consumer business segment is Consumer & Community Banking (“CCB”). The Firm’s wholesale business segments are the Corporate & Investment Bank (“CIB”), Commercial Banking (“CB”), and Asset & Wealth Management (“AWM”). Refer to Note 25 of this Form 10-Q and Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the Firm’s business segments and the products and services they provide to their respective client bases.
The Firm's website is www.jpmorganchase.com. JPMorgan Chase makes available on its website, free of charge, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K pursuant to Section 13(a) or Section 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as soon as reasonably practicable after it electronically files or furnishes such material to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) at www.sec.gov. JPMorgan Chase makes new and important information about the Firm available on its website at https://www.jpmorganchase.com, including on the Investor Relations section of its website at https://www.jpmorganchase.com/ir. Information on the Firm's website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-Q or the Firm’s other filings with the SEC.
4

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW
This executive overview of the MD&A highlights selected information and does not contain all of the information that is important to readers of this Form 10-Q. For a complete description of the trends and uncertainties, as well as the risks and critical accounting estimates affecting the Firm, this Form 10-Q and the 2021 Form 10-K should be read together and in their entirety.
Financial performance of JPMorgan Chase
(unaudited)
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions, except per share data and ratios)
Three months ended March 31,
20222021Change
Selected income statement data
Noninterest revenue$16,845$19,377(13)%
Net interest income13,87212,8898 
Total net revenue30,71732,266(5)
Total noninterest expense19,19118,7252 
Pre-provision profit11,52613,541(15)
Provision for credit losses1,463(4,156)NM
Net income8,28214,300(42)
Diluted earnings per share$2.63$4.50(42)
Selected ratios and metrics
Return on common equity13%23%
Return on tangible common equity
1629
Book value per share$86.16$82.315 
Tangible book value per share69.5866.565 
Capital ratios(a)
CET1 capital11.9%13.1%
Tier 1 capital13.715.0
Total capital15.417.2
Memo:
NII excluding Markets(b)
$11,752 $10,775 9 %
NIR excluding Markets(b)
11,085 13,294 (17)
Markets(b)
8,753 9,050 (3)
Total net revenue - managed basis$31,590 $33,119 (5)
(a)The capital metrics reflect the relief provided by the Federal Reserve Board in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the CECL capital transition provisions. For the period ended March 31, 2021, the SLR reflected the temporary exclusions of U.S. Treasury securities and deposits at Federal Reserve Banks. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 35-40 of this Form 10-Q and pages 86-96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
(b)NII and NIR refer to net interest income and noninterest revenue, respectively. Markets consists of CIB's Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets businesses.
Comparisons noted in the sections below are for the first quarter of 2022 versus the first quarter of 2021, unless otherwise specified.
Firmwide overview
JPMorgan Chase reported net income of $8.3 billion for the first quarter of 2022, or $2.63 per share, on net revenue of $30.7 billion. The Firm reported ROE of 13% and ROTCE of 16%. The Firm's results for the first quarter of 2022 included a net increase in the allowance for credit losses of $902 million and a loss of $524 million in Credit Adjustments & Other in CIB.
•The Firm had net income of $8.3 billion, down 42%.
•Total net revenue was down 5%.
–Noninterest revenue was $16.8 billion, down 13%, driven by lower Investment Banking fees, lower net production revenue in Home Lending, and losses on legacy equity investments compared to gains in the prior year in Corporate. The decrease also reflected the loss in Credit Adjustments & Other in CIB.
–Net interest income was $13.9 billion, up 8%. Net interest income excluding Markets was $11.8 billion, up 9%, predominantly driven by balance sheet growth and higher rates, partially offset by lower NII from Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loans.
•Noninterest expense was $19.2 billion, up 2%, predominantly driven by investments and structural expense across the LOBs, largely offset by lower volume- and revenue-related expense, including revenue-related compensation in CIB. The prior-year expense included a $550 million contribution to the Firm’s Foundation.
•The provision for credit losses was $1.5 billion, driven by;
–a net addition of $902 million to the allowance for credit losses, which largely reflects an increased weight placed on the adverse scenarios, from the more balanced weighting placed on the adverse and upside scenarios at December 31, 2021, due to the potential effects associated with higher inflation, changes in monetary policy, as well as geopolitical risks, including the war in Ukraine. The increase in the allowance also included client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades in CIB and AWM, and
–$582 million of net charge-offs, down $475 million, driven by Card.
The prior year provision was a net benefit of $4.2 billion, reflecting a net reduction in the allowance for credit losses of $5.2 billion.
•The total allowance for credit losses was $19.6 billion at March 31, 2022. The Firm had an allowance for loan losses to retained loans coverage ratio of 1.69%, compared with 2.42% in the prior year.
•The Firm’s nonperforming assets totaled $8.6 billion at March 31, 2022, a net decrease of $1.7 billion from the prior year, driven by lower nonaccrual loans, reflecting improved credit performance in consumer; and in wholesale, net portfolio activity as well as client-specific upgrades, largely offset by client-specific downgrades, including Russia and Russia-associated clients.
•Firmwide average loans of $1.1 trillion were up 5%, driven by higher loans in AWM and CIB.
•Firmwide average deposits of $2.5 trillion were up 13%, reflecting inflows across the LOBs primarily driven by the ongoing effect of certain government actions. In CCB, the increase was also driven by growth from new and existing
5

accounts across both consumer and small business customers.
Selected capital-related metrics
•The Firm’s CET1 capital was $208 billion, and the Standardized and Advanced CET1 ratios were 11.9% and 12.7%, respectively.
•The Firm’s SLR was 5.2%.
•The Firm grew TBVPS, ending the first quarter of 2022 at $69.58, up 5% versus the prior year.
Pre-provision profit, ROTCE, TCE, TBVPS, NII and NIR excluding Markets, and total net revenue on a managed basis are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a further discussion of each of these measures.
Business segment highlights
Selected business metrics for each of the Firm’s four LOBs are presented below for the first quarter of 2022.
CCB
ROE
23%
•Average deposits up 18%; client investment assets up 9%
•Average loans down 1% year-over-year ("YoY") and down 2% quarter-over-quarter ("QoQ"); Card net charge-off rate of 1.37%
•Debit and credit card sales volume(a) up 21%
•Active mobile customers(b) up 11%
CIB
ROE
17%
•#1 ranking for Global Investment Banking fees with 8.0% wallet share in 1Q22
•Total Markets revenue of $8.8 billion, down 3%, with Fixed Income Markets down 1% and Equity Markets down 7%
CB
ROE
13%
•Gross Investment Banking revenue of $729 million, down 35%
•Average loans up 2% YoY and up 2% QoQ; average deposits up 9%
AWM
ROE
23%
•Assets under management (AUM) of $3.0 trillion, up 4%
•Average loans up 14% YoY and 3% QoQ; average deposits up 39%
(a)Excludes Commercial Card.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
Refer to the Business Segment Results on pages 17-33 for a detailed discussion of results by business segment.
Credit provided and capital raised
JPMorgan Chase continues to support consumers, businesses and communities around the globe. The Firm provided new and renewed credit and raised capital for wholesale and consumer clients during the first three months of 2022, consisting of:
$640 billion
Total credit provided and capital raised (including loans and commitments)(a)
$69
billion
Credit for consumers
$8
billion
Credit for U.S. small businesses
$265 billion
Credit for corporations
$282 billion
Capital raised for corporate clients and non-U.S. government entities
$16
 billion
Credit and capital raised for nonprofit and U.S. government entities(a)
(a)Includes states, municipalities, hospitals and universities.

6

Recent events
•On May 2, 2022, JPMorgan Chase acquired Frosch Travel Group, LLC, a global travel management company.
•On April 13, 2022, JPMorgan Chase announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new $30 billion common share repurchase program, effective May 1, 2022.
•On March 15, 2022, JPMorgan Chase announced that it had entered into an agreement to acquire Global Shares, a cloud-based provider of share-based plan administration software, subject to regulatory approvals.
Outlook
These current expectations are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements are based on the current beliefs and expectations of JPMorgan Chase’s management, speak only as of the date of this Form 10-Q, and are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. Refer to Forward-Looking Statements on page 79 and page 155 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of certain of those risks and uncertainties and the other factors that could cause JPMorgan Chase’s actual results to differ materially because of those risks and uncertainties. There is no assurance that actual results will be in line with the outlook information set forth below, and the Firm does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements.
JPMorgan Chase’s current outlook for 2022 should be viewed against the backdrop of the global and U.S. economies, the COVID-19 pandemic, financial markets activity, the geopolitical environment, the competitive environment, client and customer activity levels, and regulatory and legislative developments in the U.S. and other countries where the Firm does business. Each of these factors will affect the performance of the Firm. The Firm will continue to make appropriate adjustments to its businesses and operations in response to ongoing developments in the business, economic, regulatory and legal environments in which it operates.
Full-year 2022
•Management expects net interest income excluding Markets to be in excess of $53 billion, market dependent.
•Management expects adjusted expense to be approximately $77 billion, which includes increased investments in technology, distribution and marketing, and higher structural expense.
Net interest income excluding Markets and adjusted expense are non-GAAP financial measures. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16.
7

Business Developments
War in Ukraine
Since the outbreak of the war in Ukraine, the Firm’s business activities related to Russia have generally been limited to assisting clients with fulfilling or terminating pre-existing obligations and managing their Russia-associated risks, as well as providing payment services and acting as a custodian for global clients who hold Russia and Russia-associated financial instruments.
The Firm increased its allowance for credit losses in the first quarter due in part to client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades. However, the Firm's exposure to Russia and Russia-associated clients and counterparties is not material to its financial condition or results of operations.
The Firm continues to assess the ongoing secondary impacts of the war in Ukraine, including: increased market volatility, effects on global energy and commodities markets, client demand for credit and liquidity, distress in certain industries or economic sectors, heightened counterparty credit risk, potential recessionary and inflationary pressures, impacts on global supply chains and government actions, including the imposition of financial and economic sanctions.
Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 54-62, Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65, Market Risk Management on pages 67-71 and Country Risk Management on pages 72-73 for additional information.
Complying with global sanctions
The Firm has engaged and continues to engage with government authorities, regulators, and industry groups in connection with analyzing and implementing procedures reasonably designed to comply with financial and economic sanctions imposed on Russia and Russia-associated entities and individuals by various governments around the world.
Managing key operational risks
The Firm faces increased operational risk in its efforts to comply with the various financial and economic sanctions that have been imposed as a result of the war in Ukraine, as the requirements are highly complex and continue to evolve.
The Firm is also focused on risks related to the increased potential for cyber attacks that may be conducted in retaliation for the sanctions imposed.
Refer to Operational Risk Management on page 74 for additional information.
Supporting employees
The Firm has provided additional benefits and support to employees who have been affected by the war.

Providing humanitarian assistance
In support of the relief efforts, the Firm has made a $10 million commitment to help address the Ukrainian humanitarian crisis.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, on pages 9-33 of the JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of risk factors affecting the Firm.
For purposes of this Form 10-Q, "Russia" refers to exposure to clients and counterparties of the Firm for which the largest proportion of their assets is located, or the largest proportion of their revenue is derived, in Russia, based on the Firm’s internal country risk management framework; "Russia-associated" refers to exposure to clients and counterparties of the Firm with respect to which economic or financial sanctions relating to the war in Ukraine have been imposed or which have close association with Russia.
Interbank Offered Rate (“IBOR”) transition
JPMorgan Chase and other market participants continue to make progress with respect to the transition from the use of the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") and other IBORs to comply with the International Organization of Securities Commission's standards for transaction-based benchmark rates. The cessation of the publication of the principal tenors of the U.S. dollar LIBOR (i.e., overnight, one-month, three-month, six-month and 12-month LIBOR) is scheduled for June 30, 2023.
The Firm continues to engage with and support clients as they move to replacement rates. In connection with the transition, as of March 31, 2022 the Firm had remediated 96% of the notional amount of its bilateral derivatives contracts linked to U.S. dollar LIBOR by virtue of counterparty adherence to, or the contracts otherwise being subject to, the International Swaps and Derivatives Association, Inc.'s ("ISDA") IBOR Fallbacks Protocol, and continues its client outreach with respect to U.S. dollar LIBOR-linked loans.
The Firm continues to monitor and evaluate client, industry, market, regulatory and legislative developments. Refer to Business Developments on pages 50-51 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
8

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
This section provides a comparative discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s Consolidated Results of Operations on a reported basis for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, unless otherwise specified. Factors that relate primarily to a single business segment are discussed in more detail within that business segment's results. Refer to pages 75-77 of this Form 10-Q and pages 150-153 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm that affect the Consolidated Results of Operations.
Revenue
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021Change
Investment banking fees$2,008 $2,970 (32)%
Principal transactions5,105 6,500 (21)
Lending- and deposit-related fees1,839 1,687 9 
Asset management, administration and commissions5,362 5,029 7 
Investment securities gains/(losses)(394)14 NM
Mortgage fees and related income460 704 (35)
Card income975 1,350 (28)
Other income(a)
1,490 1,123 33 
Noninterest revenue16,845 19,377 (13)
Net interest income13,872 12,889 8 
Total net revenue$30,717 $32,266 (5)%
(a) Included operating lease income of $1.0 billion and $1.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Investment banking fees decreased in CIB, reflecting:
•lower equity underwriting fees primarily driven by lower issuance activity, particularly in North America and EMEA,
•lower debt underwriting fees predominantly driven by high-yield bonds as a result of reduced issuances in a volatile market,
partially offset by
•higher advisory fees benefiting from the closing of deals announced in 2021.
Refer to CIB segment results on pages 22-26 and Note 5 for additional information.
Principal transactions revenue decreased largely in CIB, reflecting:
•a loss of $524 million in Credit Adjustments & Other, predominantly driven by funding spread widening, and credit valuation adjustments related to increases in commodities exposures and markdowns of derivative receivables from Russia-associated counterparties,
•lower revenue in Equity Markets, particularly in derivatives and Cash Equities, compared to a strong prior year, and
•lower revenue in Fixed Income Markets, particularly in Securitized Products largely due to the rising rate environment, which slowed down the pace of mortgage production, predominantly offset by higher revenue in Currencies & Emerging Markets on elevated client activity in a volatile market.
The decrease in Principal transactions revenue also reflects net losses on certain legacy private equity investments in Corporate, compared with net gains in the prior year.
Refer to CIB and Corporate segment results on pages 22-26 and pages 32-33, and Note 5 for additional information.
Lending- and deposit-related fees increased as a result of:
•higher cash management fees in CIB and CB driven by growth in transaction volume, and
•higher deposit-related fees in CCB.
Refer to CCB, CIB and CB segment results on pages 19-21, pages 22-26 and pages 27-28, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Asset management, administration and commissions revenue increased predominantly driven by:
•strong cumulative net inflows into long-term products, as well as higher performance fees, in AWM, and
•higher net inflows and average market levels in CCB.
Refer to CCB and AWM segment results on pages 19-21, pages 29-31, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Investment securities gains/(losses) reflected net investment securities losses on sales of U.S. Treasuries and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, compared with net gains in the prior year, associated with repositioning the investment securities portfolios in both periods in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Corporate segment results on pages 32-33 and Note 9 for additional information.
Mortgage fees and related income decreased due to lower production revenue from lower margins and volume, largely offset by higher net mortgage servicing revenue on an increase in MSR risk management results primarily driven by changes in prepayment expectations. Refer to CCB segment results on pages 19-21, Note 5 and 14 for additional information.
Card income decreased due to higher amortization related to new account origination costs in Card. Refer to CCB, CIB and CB segment results on pages 19-21, pages 22-26 and pages 27-28, respectively, and Note 5 for additional information.
Other income increased reflecting:
•net gains on equity investments in CIB,
•proceeds from an insurance settlement in Corporate, and
•the absence of weather-related write-downs recorded in the prior year on certain renewable energy investments in CIB,
partially offset by
•lower auto operating lease income in CCB as a result of a decline in volume, and
•lower net investment valuation gains in AWM.

9

Net interest income increased driven by balance sheet growth and higher rates, partially offset by lower NII from PPP loans.
The Firm’s average interest-earning assets were $3.4 trillion, up $275 billion, predominantly driven by higher deposits with banks and investment securities, and the yield was 1.86%, down 1 basis point (“bp”). The net yield on these assets, on an FTE basis, was 1.67%, a decrease of 2 bps. The net yield excluding Markets was 1.95%, up 2 bps.
Net yield excluding Markets is a non-GAAP financial measure. Refer to the Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates schedule on page 165 for further details; and the Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a further discussion of Net interest yield excluding Markets.

Provision for credit losses
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021Change
Consumer, excluding credit card$173 $(984)NM
Credit card506 (2,517)NM
Total consumer679 (3,501)NM
Wholesale785 (671)NM
Investment securities(1)16 NM
Total provision for credit losses$1,463 $(4,156)NM
The provision for credit losses increased driven by:
•a net addition of $902 million to the allowance for credit losses, consisting of $776 million in wholesale and $127 million in consumer. The addition largely reflects an increased weight placed on the adverse scenarios, from the more balanced weighting placed on the adverse and upside scenarios at December 31, 2021, due to the potential effects associated with higher inflation, changes in monetary policy, as well as geopolitical risks, including the war in Ukraine. The increase in the allowance also included client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades in CIB and AWM,
partially offset by
•lower net charge-offs of $475 million driven by Card, as consumer cash balances remained elevated.
The prior year included a $5.2 billion net reduction in the allowance for credit losses.
Refer to CCB segment results on pages 19-21, CIB on pages 22-26, CB on pages 27-28, AWM on pages 29-31, the Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65, and Notes 9 and 12 for additional information on the credit portfolio and the allowance for credit losses.
10

Noninterest expense
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021Change
Compensation expense$10,787 $10,601 2 %
Noncompensation expense:
Occupancy1,134 1,115 2 
Technology, communications and equipment(a)
2,360 2,519 (6)
Professional and outside services2,572 2,203 17 
Marketing920 751 23 
Other expense(b)
1,418 1,536 (8)
Total noncompensation expense8,404 8,124 3 
Total noninterest expense$19,191 $18,725 2 %
(a)Includes depreciation expense associated with auto operating lease assets.
(b)Included Firmwide legal expense of $119 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Compensation expense increased driven by investments and higher structural expense across the LOBs, partially offset by lower revenue-related compensation in CIB.
Noncompensation expense increased as a result of:
•higher structural expense, including professional fees,
•higher investments, including technology expense across the LOBs and marketing expense in CCB,
•higher brokerage expense in CIB, as well as other outside services expense, and
•higher legal expense predominantly in CIB,
partially offset by
•lower depreciation expense in CCB due to lower auto lease assets and the impact of higher vehicle collateral values.
The prior year included a $550 million contribution to the Firm's Foundation.


Income tax expense
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021Change
Income before income tax expense$10,063 $17,697 (43)%
Income tax expense1,781 3,397 (48)
Effective tax rate17.7 %19.2 %

The effective tax rate decreased driven by the lower level of pre-tax income that also increased the relative net impact of certain tax benefits and expenses. The prior year included expenses related to tax audit settlements.
11

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS AND CASH FLOWS ANALYSIS
Consolidated balance sheets analysis
The following is a discussion of the significant changes between March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		Change
Assets
Cash and due from banks$26,165 $26,438 (1)%
Deposits with banks728,367 714,396 2 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements301,875 261,698 15 
Securities borrowed224,852 206,071 9 
Trading assets511,528 433,575 18 
Available-for-sale securities312,875 308,525 1 
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses366,585 363,707 1 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses679,460 672,232 1 
Loans1,073,285 1,077,714 — 
Allowance for loan losses(17,192)(16,386)5 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,056,093 1,061,328 — 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable152,207 102,570 48 
Premises and equipment26,916 27,070 (1)
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets58,485 56,691 3 
Other assets188,739 181,498 4 
Total assets$3,954,687 $3,743,567 6 %
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks increased primarily as a result of growth in deposits. Deposits with banks reflect the Firm’s placements of its excess cash with various central banks, including the Federal Reserve Banks.
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements increased driven by Markets, reflecting:
•higher demand for securities to cover short positions,
•higher collateral requirements, and
•the impact of client-driven market-making activities.
Securities borrowed increased driven by Markets, resulting from higher client-driven activities and an increase in demand for securities to cover short positions. Refer to Note 10 for additional information on securities purchased under resale agreements and securities borrowed.
Trading assets increased driven by Markets, due to:
•higher securities related to client-driven market-making activities, and
•higher derivative receivables, largely commodities, predominantly oil and gas, as a result of market movements.
Refer to Notes 2 and 4 for additional information.
Investment securities increased resulting from net purchases of securities, largely offset by paydowns, and unrealized losses on AFS securities which are recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income ("AOCI"). Refer to Corporate segment results on pages 32-33, Investment Portfolio Risk Management on page 66, and Notes 2 and 9 for additional information.

Loans were relatively flat, and reflected:
•lower residential real estate loans at fair value in Home Lending as sales outpaced originations due to higher interest rates, and
•a decline in AWM due to paydowns and lower securities-based lending,
offset by
•higher wholesale loans in CB and CIB.
The allowance for loan losses increased as a result of a net addition of $806 million to the allowance for credit losses, consisting of $677 million in wholesale and $129 million in consumer. The addition largely reflects an increased weight placed on the adverse scenarios, from the more balanced weighting placed on the adverse and upside scenarios at December 31, 2021, due to the potential effects associated with higher inflation, changes in monetary policy, as well as geopolitical risks, including the war in Ukraine. The increase in the allowance also included client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades in CIB and AWM.
There was a $97 million addition to allowance for lending-related commitments. This allowance is included in other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 46-66, and Notes 2, 3, 11 and 12 for a more detailed discussion of loans and the allowance for loan losses.

12

Accrued interest and accounts receivable increased due to higher client receivables related to client-driven activities in Markets, including prime brokerage, during a period of heightened market volatility.
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangibles increased, reflecting higher MSRs driven by purchases and originations, as well as the impact of changes in market interest rates. Refer to Note 14 for additional information.
Selected Consolidated balance sheets data (continued)
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021		Change
Liabilities
Deposits$2,561,207 $2,462,303 4 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements223,858 194,340 15 
Short-term borrowings57,586 53,594 7 
Trading liabilities202,083 164,693 23 
Accounts payable and other liabilities320,671 262,755 22 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”)10,144 10,750 (6)
Long-term debt293,239 301,005 (3)
Total liabilities3,668,788 3,449,440 6 
Stockholders’ equity285,899 294,127 (3)
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,954,687 $3,743,567 6 %
Deposits increased in CIB, CCB and AWM, driven by:
•higher deposits in CIB's Payments and Securities Services primarily driven by client activities, and
•growth in new and existing accounts in CCB across consumer and small business customers,
partially offset by
•a decline in CB, principally due to seasonality.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 and Notes 2 and 15 for additional information.
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements increased due to the impact of client activities and higher secured financing of trading assets in Markets. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 and Note 10 for additional information.
Short-term borrowings increased as a result of higher net issuance of commercial paper primarily for short-term liquidity management in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 for additional information.
Trading liabilities increased due to client-driven market-making activities in Fixed Income Markets, which resulted in higher levels of short positions in debt instruments, as well as higher derivative payables associated with market movements. Refer to Notes 2 and 4 for additional information.
Accounts payable and other liabilities increased reflecting higher client payables related to client-driven activities primarily in Markets, including prime brokerage, during a period of heightened market volatility. Refer to Note 10 for additional information on securities financing transactions.
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs decreased driven by maturities of credit card securitizations in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 and Notes 13 and 22 for additional information on Firm-sponsored VIEs and loan securitization trusts.
Long-term debt decreased driven by fair value hedge accounting adjustments related to higher rates, partially offset by net issuances in Treasury and CIO, as well as a decline in the fair value of structured notes in CIB. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 for additional information.
Stockholders’ equity decreased as a result of a net unrealized loss in AOCI, which was primarily driven by the impact of higher rates on the AFS portfolio and cash flow hedges in Treasury and CIO. Refer to page 83 for information on changes in stockholders’ equity, Capital actions on page 39, and Note 19 for additional information.

13

Consolidated cash flows analysis
The following is a discussion of cash flow activities during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Net cash provided by/(used in)
Operating activities$(41,917)$(43,872)
Investing activities(72,608)15,391 
Financing activities
132,772 218,911 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash(4,549)(6,967)
Net increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks$13,698 $183,463 
Operating activities
•In 2022, cash used resulted from higher trading assets, and accrued interest and accounts receivable, largely offset by higher accounts payable and other liabilities and trading liabilities.
•In 2021, cash used resulted from higher trading assets, accrued interest and accounts receivable, and securities borrowed, partially offset by higher accounts payable and other liabilities and lower other assets.
Investing activities
•In 2022, cash used resulted from higher securities purchased under resale agreements, net purchases of investment securities, and higher net originations of loans.
•In 2021, cash provided reflected lower securities purchased under resale agreements and net proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment, partially offset by net purchases of investment securities.
Financing activities
•In 2022, cash provided reflected higher deposits and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and net proceeds from long- and short-term borrowings.
•In 2021, cash provided reflected higher deposits and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements, and net proceeds from long- and short-term borrowings.
•For both periods, cash was used for repurchases of common stock and cash dividends on common and preferred stock.
* * *
Refer to Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 12-13, Capital Risk Management on pages 35-40, and Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 of this Form 10-Q, and pages 97-104 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the activities affecting the Firm’s cash flows.

14

EXPLANATION AND RECONCILIATION OF THE FIRM’S USE OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES
The Firm prepares its Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and this presentation is referred to as “reported” basis; these financial statements appear on pages 80-84.
In addition to analyzing the Firm’s results on a reported basis, the Firm also reviews and uses certain non-GAAP financial measures at the Firmwide and segment level. These non-GAAP measures include:
•Firmwide “managed” basis results, including the overhead ratio, which include certain reclassifications to present total net revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities (“FTE” basis);
•Pre-provision profit, which represents total net revenue less total noninterest expense;
•Net interest income, net yield, and noninterest revenue excluding Markets;
•TCE, ROTCE, and TBVPS;
•Adjusted expense, which represents noninterest expense excluding Firmwide legal expense; and
•Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits.
Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s Use Of Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Key Performance Measures on pages 58-60 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of management’s use of non-GAAP financial measures.
The following summary tables provide a reconciliation from the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results to managed basis.
Three months ended March 31,
20222021
(in millions, except ratios)Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(a)
Managed
basis		Reported
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments(a)
Managed
basis
Other income$1,490 $775 $2,265 $1,123 $744 $1,867 
Total noninterest revenue16,845 775 17,620 19,377 744 20,121 
Net interest income13,872 98 13,970 12,889 109 12,998 
Total net revenue30,717 873 31,590 32,266 853 33,119 
Total noninterest expense19,191 NA19,191 18,725 NA18,725 
Pre-provision profit11,526 873 12,399 13,541 853 14,394 
Provision for credit losses1,463 NA1,463 (4,156)NA(4,156)
Income before income tax expense10,063 873 10,936 17,697 853 18,550 
Income tax expense1,781 873 2,654 3,397 853 4,250 
Net income$8,282 NA$8,282 $14,300 NA$14,300 
Overhead ratio62 %NM61 %58 %NM57 %
(a)Predominantly recognized in CIB, CB and Corporate.













15

The following table provides information on net interest income, net yield, and noninterest revenue excluding Markets.

(in millions, except rates)		Three months ended March 31,
20222021Change
Net interest income – reported
$13,872 $12,889 8 %
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments
98 109 (10)
Net interest income – managed basis(a)
$13,970 $12,998 7 
Less: Markets net interest income(b)
2,218 2,223 — 
Net interest income excluding Markets(a)
$11,752 $10,775 9 
Average interest-earning assets$3,401,951 $3,126,569 9 
Less: Average Markets interest-earning assets(b)
963,845 866,591 11 
Average interest-earning assets excluding Markets$2,438,106 $2,259,978 8 %
Net yield on average interest-earning assets – managed basis
1.67 %1.69 %
Net yield on average Markets interest-earning assets(b)
0.93 1.04 
Net yield on average interest-earning assets excluding Markets1.95 %1.93 %
Noninterest revenue – reported$16,845 $19,377 (13)%
Fully taxable-equivalent adjustments775 744 4 
Noninterest revenue – managed basis$17,620 $20,121 (12)
Less: Markets noninterest revenue(b)
6,535 6,827 (4)
Noninterest revenue excluding Markets$11,085 $13,294 (17)
Memo: Total Markets net revenue(b)
$8,753 $9,050 (3)
(a)Interest includes the effect of related hedges. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(b)Refer to page 25 for further information on Markets.
The following summary table provides a reconciliation from the Firm’s common stockholders’ equity to TCE.
Period-endAverage
(in millions, except per share and ratio data)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Common stockholders’ equity
$253,061 $259,289 $252,506 $245,542 
Less: Goodwill50,298 50,315 50,307 49,249 
Less: Other intangible assets
893 882 896 891 
Add: Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,496 2,499 2,498 2,455 
Tangible common equity$204,366 $210,591 $203,801 $197,857 
Return on tangible common equityNANA16 %29 %
Tangible book value per share$69.58 $71.53 NANA
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating TCE.
16

BUSINESS SEGMENT RESULTS
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are four major reportable business segments – Consumer & Community Banking, Corporate & Investment Bank, Commercial Banking and Asset & Wealth Management. In addition, there is a Corporate segment.
The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to Explanation and Reconciliation of the Firm’s use of Non-GAAP Financial Measures on pages 15-16 for a definition of managed basis.
Description of business segment reporting methodology
Results of the business segments are intended to present each segment as if it were a stand-alone business. The management reporting process that derives business segment results includes the allocation of certain income and expense items. The Firm periodically assesses the assumptions, methodologies and reporting classifications used for segment reporting, and further refinements may be implemented in future periods. The Firm also assesses the level of capital required for each LOB on at least an annual basis. The Firm’s LOBs also provide various business metrics which are utilized by the Firm and its investors and analysts in assessing performance.
Revenue sharing
When business segments join efforts to sell products and services to the Firm’s clients, the participating business segments may agree to share revenue from those transactions. Revenue is generally recognized in the segment responsible for the related product or service, with allocations to the other segment(s) involved in the transaction. The segment results reflect these revenue-sharing agreements.
Funds transfer pricing
Funds transfer pricing ("FTP") is the process by which the Firm allocates interest income and expense to each business segment and transfers the primary interest rate risk and liquidity risk to Treasury and CIO within Corporate.
The funds transfer pricing process considers the interest rate risk and liquidity risk characteristics of assets and liabilities and off-balance sheet products. Periodically the methodology and assumptions utilized in the FTP process are adjusted to reflect economic conditions and other factors, which may impact the allocation of net interest income to the business segments.
Capital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each segment is referred to as equity. Periodically, the assumptions and methodologies used to allocate capital are reassessed and as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs may change. Refer to Line of business equity on page 38, and page 93 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.
Refer to Business Segment Results – Description of business segment reporting methodology on pages 61-62 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of those methodologies.

17

Segment results – managed basis
The following tables summarize the Firm’s results by segment for the periods indicated.
Three months ended March 31,Consumer & Community BankingCorporate & Investment BankCommercial Banking
(in millions, except ratios)20222021Change20222021Change20222021Change
Total net revenue$12,229 $12,517(2)%$13,529 $14,605(7)%$2,398 $2,393—%
Total noninterest expense7,720 7,20277,298 7,10431,129 96917
Pre-provision profit/(loss)4,509 5,315(15)6,231 7,501(17)1,269 1,424(11)
Provision for credit losses678 (3,602)NM445 (331)NM157 (118)NM
Net income/(loss)2,895 6,787
(a)
(57)4,385 5,924
(a)
(26)850 1,181
(a)
(28)
Return on equity (“ROE”)23%54%

17 %28%
(a)
13 %19%
Three months ended March 31,Asset & Wealth ManagementCorporateTotal
(in millions, except ratios)20222021Change20222021Change20222021Change
Total net revenue$4,315 $4,0776%$(881)$(473)(86)%$31,590 $33,119(5)%
Total noninterest expense2,860 2,57411184 876(79)19,191 18,7252
Pre-provision profit/(loss)1,455 1,503(3)(1,065)(1,349)2112,399 14,394(14)
Provision for credit losses154 (121)NM29 16811,463 (4,156)NM
Net income/(loss)1,008 1,260
(a)
(20)(856)(852)
(a)
—8,282 14,300(42)
ROE23 %36%
(a)
NMNM13 %23%
(a)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

The following sections provide a comparative discussion of the Firm’s results by segment as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2022 versus the corresponding period in the prior year, unless otherwise specified.
18

CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING
Refer to pages 63-66 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 172 for a further discussion of the business profile of CCB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)
20222021Change
Revenue
Lending- and deposit-related fees$805 $742 8%
Asset management, administration and commissions929 805 15
Mortgage fees and related income456 703 (35)
Card income590 999 (41)
All other income1,122 1,339 (16)
Noninterest revenue3,902 4,588 (15)
Net interest income8,327 7,929 5
Total net revenue12,229 12,517 (2)
Provision for credit losses678 (3,602)NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense3,171 2,976 7
Noncompensation expense(a)
4,549 4,226 8
Total noninterest expense7,720 7,202 7
Income before income tax expense3,831 8,917 (57)
Income tax expense936 2,130 
(b)
(56)
Net income$2,895 $6,787 
(b)
(57)
Revenue by line of business
Consumer & Business Banking
$6,062 $5,635 8
Home Lending1,169 1,458 (20)
Card & Auto4,998 5,424 (8)
Mortgage fees and related income details:
Production revenue211 757 (72)
Net mortgage servicing revenue(c)
245 (54)NM
Mortgage fees and related income
$456 $703 (35)%
Financial ratios
Return on equity23 %54 %
Overhead ratio63 58 
(a)Included depreciation expense on leased assets of $694 million and $916 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(c)Included MSR risk management results of $109 million and $(115) million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Quarterly results
Net income was $2.9 billion, down 57%, reflecting an increase in the provision for credit losses compared with a net benefit in the prior year.
Net revenue was $12.2 billion, a decrease of 2%.
Net interest income was $8.3 billion, up 5%, driven by:
•growth in deposits net of margin compression partially offset by lower PPP loan forgiveness, in CBB, and
•higher revolving loans in Card.
Noninterest revenue was $3.9 billion, down 15%, driven by:
•lower production revenue from lower margins and volume in Home Lending,
•higher amortization related to new account origination costs in Card, and
•lower auto operating lease income as a result of a decline in volume,
partially offset by
•higher net mortgage servicing revenue on an increase in MSR risk management results primarily driven by changes in prepayment expectations,
•higher asset management fees as a result of higher net inflows and average market levels, and
•higher deposit-related fees.
Refer to Note 14 for further information regarding changes in the value of the MSR asset and related hedges, and mortgage fees and related income. Refer to Note 5 for additional information on card income.
Noninterest expense was $7.7 billion, up 7%, reflecting:
•investments in the business and increased structural expenses, predominantly driven by compensation, technology and marketing,
partially offset by
•lower volume- and revenue- related expenses primarily depreciation expense due to lower auto lease assets and the impact of higher vehicle collateral values.
The provision for credit losses was $678 million, reflecting:
•net charge-offs of $553 million, down $470 million, driven by Card, as consumer cash balances remained elevated, and
•a $125 million addition to the allowance for credit losses in Home Lending.
The prior year included a $4.6 billion reduction in the allowance for credit losses.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 46-66 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65 for a further discussion of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.
19

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except headcount)20222021Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$486,183 $487,978 —%
Loans:
Consumer & Business Banking(a)
32,772 52,654 (38)
Home Lending(b)
172,025 178,776 (4)
Card152,283 132,493 15
Auto 69,251 67,662 2
Total loans426,331 431,585 (1)
Deposits1,189,308 1,037,903 15
Equity50,000 50,000 —
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$488,967 $484,524 1
Loans:
Consumer & Business Banking
33,742 49,868 (32)
Home Lending(c)
176,488 182,247 (3)
Card149,398 134,884 11
Auto 69,250 66,960 3
Total loans428,878 433,959 (1)
Deposits1,153,513 979,686 18
Equity50,000 50,000 —
Headcount129,268 126,084 3%
(a)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, included $2.9 billion and $23.4 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 48 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, Home Lending loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $5.8 billion and $13.2 billion, respectively.
(c)Average Home Lending loans held-for sale and loans at fair value were $10.8 billion and $12.5 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratio data)20222021Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)
$4,531 $5,507 (18)%
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
Consumer & Business Banking 89 65 37
Home Lending(69)(51)(35)
Card506 983 (49)
Auto27 26 4
Total net charge-offs/(recoveries)$553 $1,023 (46)
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate
Consumer & Business Banking(e)
1.07 %0.53 %
Home Lending(0.17)(0.12)
Card1.37 2.97
Auto0.16 0.16
Total net charge-off/(recovery) rate0.54 %0.99 %
30+ day delinquency rate(f)
Home Lending(g)
1.03 %1.07 %
Card1.09 1.40 
Auto 0.57 0.42 
90+ day delinquency rate - Card(f)
0.54 %0.80 %
Allowance for loan losses
Consumer & Business Banking $697 $1,022 (32)
Home Lending785 1,238 (37)
Card10,250 14,300 (28)
Auto 738 892 (17)
Total allowance for loan losses$12,470 $17,452 (29)%
(a)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $315 million and $458 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, generally excludes loans that were under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity. Includes loans to customers that have exited COVID-19 related payment deferral programs and are 90 or more days past due, predominantly all of which were considered collateral-dependent at time of exit.
(c)At March 31, 2022 nonaccrual loans excluded $179 million of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA.
(d)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(e)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, included $2.9 billion and $23.4 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 48 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(f)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, the principal balance of loans in Home Lending, Card and Auto under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic were as follows: (1) $728 million and $8.1 billion in Home Lending, respectively; (2) $15 million and $105 million in Card, respectively; and (3) $45 million and $127 million in Auto, respectively. Loans that are performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53 for further information on consumer payment assistance activity.
(g)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $370 million and $557 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
20

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in billions, except ratios and where otherwise noted)
20222021Change
Business Metrics
Number of branches4,810 4,872 (1)%
Active digital customers (in thousands)(a)
60,286 56,671 6
Active mobile customers (in thousands)(b)
46,527 41,872 11
Debit and credit card sales volume
$351.5 $290.3 21
Consumer & Business Banking
Average deposits
$1,136.1 $960.7 18
Deposit margin
1.22 %1.29 %
Business banking origination volume(c)
$1.0 $10.0 (90)
Client investment assets(d)
696.3 637.0 9
Number of client advisors4,8164,5007
Home Lending
Mortgage origination volume by channel
Retail
$15.1 $23.0 (34)
Correspondent
9.6 16.3 (41)
Total mortgage origination volume(e)
$24.7 $39.3 (37)
Third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)
$575.4 $443.2 30
MSR carrying value (period-end)
7.3 4.5 62
Ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end)
1.27 %1.02 %
MSR revenue multiple(f)
4.70 x3.78 x
Credit Card
Credit card sales volume, excluding commercial card$236.4 $183.7 29
Net revenue rate9.87 %11.53 %
Auto
Loan and lease origination volume
$8.4 $11.2 (25)
Average auto operating lease assets
16.4 20.3 (19)%
(a)Users of all web and/or mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(b)Users of all mobile platforms who have logged in within the past 90 days.
(c)Included origination volume under the PPP of $9.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2021. The program ended on May 31, 2021 for new applications. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 48 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(d)Includes assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager. Refer to AWM segment results on pages 29-31 for additional information.
(e)Firmwide mortgage origination volume was $30.2 billion and $43.2 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(f)Represents the ratio of MSR carrying value (period-end) to third-party mortgage loans serviced (period-end) divided by the ratio of annualized loan servicing-related revenue to third-party mortgage loans serviced (average).
21

CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK
Refer to pages 67-72 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 172 for a further discussion of the business profile of CIB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)20222021Change
Revenue
Investment banking fees$2,050 $2,988 (31)%
Principal transactions5,223 6,045 (14)
Lending- and deposit-related fees641 593 8 
Asset management, administration and commissions1,339 1,286 4 
All other income704 176 300 
Noninterest revenue9,957 11,088 (10)
Net interest income3,572 3,517 2 
Total net revenue(a)
13,529 14,605 (7)
Provision for credit losses445 (331)NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense4,006 4,329 (7)
Noncompensation expense3,292 2,775 19 
Total noninterest expense7,298 7,104 3 
Income before income tax expense
5,786 7,832 (26)
Income tax expense1,401 1,908 
(b)
(27)
Net income$4,385 $5,924 
(b)
(26)%
Financial ratios
Return on equity17 %28 
 %(b)
Overhead ratio54 49 
Compensation expense as percentage of total net revenue
30 30 
(a)Includes tax-equivalent adjustments, predominantly due to income tax credits and other tax benefits related to alternative energy investments; income tax credits and amortization of the cost of investments in affordable housing projects; and tax-exempt income from municipal bonds of $737 million and $703 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021Change
Revenue by business
Investment Banking
$2,057 $2,851 (28)%
Payments1,854 1,392 33 
Lending321 265 21 
Total Banking4,232 4,508 (6)
Fixed Income Markets5,698 5,761 (1)
Equity Markets3,055 3,289 (7)
Securities Services1,068 1,050 2 
Credit Adjustments & Other(a)
(524)(3)NM
Total Markets & Securities Services
9,297 10,097 (8)
Total net revenue$13,529 $14,605 (7)%
(a)Consists primarily of centrally managed credit valuation adjustments (“CVA”), funding valuation adjustments (“FVA”) on derivatives, other valuation adjustments, and certain components of fair value option elected liabilities, which are primarily reported in principal transactions revenue. Results are presented net of associated hedging activities and net of CVA and FVA amounts allocated to Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets.
Quarterly results
Net income was $4.4 billion, down 26%.
Net revenue was $13.5 billion, down 7%.
Banking revenue was $4.2 billion, down 6%.
•Investment Banking revenue was $2.1 billion, down 28%, driven by lower Investment Banking fees, down 31%, reflecting lower equity and debt underwriting fees. The Firm ranked #1 for Global Investment Banking fees, according to Dealogic.
–Equity underwriting fees were $249 million, down 76%, primarily driven by lower issuance activity, particularly in North America and EMEA.
–Debt underwriting fees were $1.0 billion, down 20%, predominantly driven by high-yield bonds as a result of reduced issuances in a volatile market.
–Advisory fees were $801 million, up 18%, benefiting from the closing of deals announced in 2021.
•Payments revenue was $1.9 billion, up 33%, and included net gains on equity investments. Excluding these net gains, revenue was $1.5 billion, up 9%, predominantly driven by higher fees, deposits and improved deposit margins.
•Lending revenue was $321 million, up 21%, predominantly driven by fair value gains on hedges of accrual loans, compared to losses in the prior year.
Markets & Securities Services revenue was $9.3 billion, down 8%. Markets revenue was $8.8 billion, down 3%.
•Fixed Income Markets revenue was $5.7 billion, down 1%, particularly in Securitized Products, largely due to the rising rate environment, which slowed down the pace of mortgage production, predominantly offset by higher revenue in Currencies & Emerging Markets on elevated client activity in a volatile market.
22

•Equity Markets revenue was $3.1 billion, down 7%, driven by lower revenue in derivatives and Cash Equities, compared to a strong prior year.
•Securities Services revenue was $1.1 billion, up 2%, driven by improved deposit margins and growth in fees.
•Credit Adjustments & Other was a loss of $524 million, driven by funding spread widening as well as credit valuation adjustments relating to both increases in commodities exposures and markdowns of derivative receivables from Russia-associated counterparties.
Noninterest expense was $7.3 billion, up 3%, driven by higher structural expense, investments in the business and legal expense, largely offset by lower volume- and revenue-related expense including revenue-related compensation.
The provision for credit losses of $445 million was driven by a net addition to the allowance for credit losses, compared with a net benefit of $331 million in the prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 46-66 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except headcount)
20222021Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$1,460,463 $1,355,123 8 %
Loans:
Loans retained(a)
167,791 134,134 25 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
47,260 45,846 3 
Total loans215,051 179,980 19 
Equity103,000 83,000 24 
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$1,407,835 $1,293,864 9 
Trading assets-debt and equity instruments419,346 468,976 (11)
Trading assets-derivative receivables66,692 73,452 (9)
Loans:
Loans retained(a)
$160,976 $136,794 18 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
51,398 45,671 13 
Total loans$212,374 $182,465 16 
Equity103,000 83,000 24 
Headcount68,292 62,772 9 %
(a)Includes secured lending-related positions, credit portfolio loans, loans held by consolidated Firm-administered multi-seller conduits, trade finance loans, other held-for-investment loans and overdrafts.
(b)Primarily reflects lending-related positions originated and purchased in CIB Markets, including loans held for securitization.
23

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)
20222021Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
$20 $(7)NM
Nonperforming assets:
Nonaccrual loans:
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$871 $842 3 
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(b)
949 1,266 (25)
Total nonaccrual loans1,820 2,108 (14)
Derivative receivables597 284 110 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
91 97 (6)
Total nonperforming assets$2,508 $2,489 1 
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$1,687 $1,982 (15)
Allowance for lending-related commitments1,459 1,602 (9)
Total allowance for credit losses
$3,146 $3,584 (12)%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(c)
0.05 %(0.02)%
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained1.01 1.48 
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits(d)
1.31 2.06 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)
194 235 
Nonaccrual loans to total period-end loans0.85 %1.17 %
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $226 million and $174 million were held against these nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $283 million and $340 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(c)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.
(d)Management uses allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained, excluding trade finance and conduits, a non-GAAP financial measure, to provide a more meaningful assessment of CIB’s allowance coverage ratio.
Investment banking fees
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
20222021Change
Advisory
$801 $680 18 %
Equity underwriting
249 1,056 (76)
Debt underwriting(a)
1,000 1,252 (20)
Total investment banking fees
$2,050 $2,988 (31)%
(a)Represents long-term debt and loan syndications.
24

League table results – wallet share
Three months ended March 31,Full-year 2021
20222021
RankShareRankShareRankShare
Based on fees(a)
M&A(b)
Global#3 7.6 %#2 8.0 %#2 9.7 %
U.S.3 9.1 2 8.6 2 10.8 
Equity and equity-related(c)
Global1 5.6 3 8.1 2 8.8 
U.S.1 11.6 3 9.7 2 11.7 
Long-term debt(d)
Global1 8.0 1 9.2 1 8.4 
U.S.1 11.8 1 12.6 1 12.2 
Loan syndications
Global1 10.9 1 13.3 1 10.7 
U.S.2 9.9 1 15.7 1 12.4 
Global investment banking fees(e)
#1 8.0 %#1 9.0 %#1 9.3 %
(a)Source: Dealogic as of April 1, 2022. Reflects the ranking of revenue wallet and market share.
(b)Global M&A excludes any withdrawn transactions. U.S. M&A revenue wallet represents wallet from client parents based in the U.S.
(c)Global equity and equity-related ranking includes rights offerings and Chinese A-Shares.
(d)Long-term debt rankings include investment-grade, high-yield, supranationals, sovereigns, agencies, covered bonds, asset-backed securities ("ABS") and mortgage-backed securities (“MBS”); and exclude money market, short-term debt, and U.S. municipal securities.
(e)Global investment banking fees exclude money market, short-term debt and shelf securities.
Markets revenue
The following table summarizes selected income statement data for the Markets businesses. Markets includes both Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets. Markets revenue consists of principal transactions, fees, commissions and other income, as well as net interest income. The Firm assesses its Markets business performance on a total revenue basis, as offsets may occur across revenue line items. For example, securities that generate net interest income may be risk-managed by derivatives that are
reflected at fair value in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Notes 5 and 6 for a description of the composition of these income statement line items. Refer to Markets revenue on page 70 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information.
For the periods presented below, the predominant source of principal transactions revenue was the amount recognized upon executing new transactions.
Three months ended March 31,Three months ended March 31,
20222021

(in millions)		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets		Fixed Income MarketsEquity
Markets		Total
Markets
Principal transactions
$3,389 $2,284 $5,673 $3,564 $2,482 $6,046 
Lending- and deposit-related fees
78 4 82 69 4 73 
Asset management, administration and commissions
156 551 707 129 544 673 
All other income117 (44)73 66 (31)35 
Noninterest revenue3,740 2,795 6,535 3,828 2,999 6,827 
Net interest income
1,958 260 2,218 1,933 290 2,223 
Total net revenue$5,698 $3,055 $8,753 $5,761 $3,289 $9,050 
25

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)
20222021Change
Assets under custody (“AUC”) by asset class (period-end)
(in billions):
Fixed Income$15,489 $15,552 — %
Equity12,156 12,006 1 
Other(a)
3,926 3,693 6 
Total AUC$31,571 $31,251 1 
Merchant processing volume (in billions)(b)
$490.2 $425.7 15 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(c)
$709,121 $705,764 — %
(a)Consists of mutual funds, unit investment trusts, currencies, annuities, insurance contracts, options and other contracts.
(b)Represents total merchant processing volume across CIB, CCB and CB.
(c)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertain to the Payments and Securities Services businesses.
International metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except where
 otherwise noted)		20222021Change
Total net revenue(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$4,692 $4,060 16 %
Asia-Pacific1,985 2,261 (12)
Latin America/Caribbean677 494 37 
Total international net revenue
7,354 6,815 8 
North America6,175 7,790 (21)
Total net revenue$13,529 $14,605 (7)
Loans retained (period-end)(a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$38,393 $28,624 34 
Asia-Pacific17,926 13,944 29 
Latin America/Caribbean8,098 5,518 47 
Total international loans64,417 48,086 34 
North America103,374 86,048 20 
Total loans retained$167,791 $134,134 25 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities (average)(b)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$246,497 $234,795 5 
Asia-Pacific134,767 131,761 2 
Latin America/Caribbean43,666 43,927 (1)
Total international$424,930 $410,483 4 
North America284,191 295,281 (4)
Total client deposits and other third-party liabilities
$709,121 $705,764 — 
AUC (period-end)(b)
(in billions)
North America$20,723 $20,244 2 
All other regions10,848 11,007 (1)
Total AUC$31,571 $31,251 1 %
(a)Total net revenue and loans retained (excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value) are based on the location of the trading desk, booking location, or domicile of the client, as applicable.
(b)Client deposits and other third-party liabilities pertaining to the Payments and Securities Services businesses, and AUC, are based on the domicile of the client.
26

COMMERCIAL BANKING
Refer to pages 73-75 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on page 173 for a discussion of the business profile of CB.
Selected income statement data
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021Change
Revenue
Lending- and deposit-related fees$364 $331 10 %
All other income503 586 (14)
Noninterest revenue867 917 (5)
Net interest income1,531 1,476 4 
Total net revenue(a)
2,398 2,393 — 
Provision for credit losses
157 (118)NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense
553 482 15 
Noncompensation expense576 487 18 
Total noninterest expense1,129 969 17 
Income before income tax expense1,112 1,542 (28)
Income tax expense262 361 
(b)
(27)
Net income$850 $1,181 
(b)
(28)%
(a)Total net revenue included tax-equivalent adjustments from income tax credits related to equity investments in designated community development entities and in entities established for rehabilitation of historic properties, as well as tax-exempt income related to municipal financing activities of $69 million and $73 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.

Selected income statement data (continued)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)20222021Change
Revenue by product
Lending$1,105 $1,168 (5)%
Payments981 843 16 
Investment banking(a)
260 350 (26)
Other52 32 63 
Total net revenue$2,398 $2,393 — 
Investment banking revenue, gross(b)
$729 $1,129 (35)
Revenue by client segments
Middle Market Banking$980 $916 7 
Corporate Client Banking830 851 (2)
Commercial Real Estate Banking581 604 (4)
Other7 22 (68)
Total net revenue$2,398 $2,393 — %
Financial ratios
Return on equity13 %19 %
Overhead ratio47 40 
(a)Includes CB’s share of revenue from investment banking products sold to CB clients through the CIB.
(b)Refer to Business Segment Results on page 17 for discussion of revenue sharing.
Quarterly results
Net income was $850 million, down 28%, largely driven by a net increase in the provision for credit losses compared with a net benefit in the prior year.
Net revenue was $2.4 billion, flat compared to the prior year. Net interest income was $1.5 billion, up 4%, driven by the impact of higher deposits. Noninterest revenue was $867 million, down 5%, driven by lower investment banking revenue, predominantly offset by higher payments revenue.
Noninterest expense was $1.1 billion, up 17%, largely driven by investments in the business and higher volume- and revenue- related expense, including compensation.
The provision for credit losses was $157 million, driven by a net addition to the allowance for credit losses, compared with a net benefit of $118 million in the prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 46-66 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.


27

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except headcount)20222021Change
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)
Total assets$235,127 $223,583 5 %
Loans:
Loans retained213,073 202,975 5 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value
1,743 2,884 (40)
Total loans$214,816 $205,859 4 
Equity25,000 24,000 4 
Period-end loans by client segment
Middle Market Banking(a)
$64,306 
 
$59,983 7 
Corporate Client Banking46,720 45,540 3 
Commercial Real Estate Banking
103,685 100,035 4 
Other105 301 (65)
Total loans(a)
$214,816 
 
$205,859 4 
Selected balance sheet data (average)
Total assets$233,474 $225,574 4 
Loans:
Loans retained208,540 204,164 2 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value
2,147 2,578 (17)
Total loans$210,687 $206,742 2 
Average loans by client segment
Middle Market Banking$62,437 $60,011 4 
Corporate Client Banking45,595 45,719 — 
Commercial Real Estate Banking
102,498 100,661 2 
Other157 351 (55)
Total loans$210,687 $206,742 2 
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities
$316,921 $290,992 9 
Equity25,000 24,000 4 
Headcount13,220 11,748 13 %
(a)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, total loans included $640 million and $7.4 billion of loans, respectively, under the PPP, of which $604 million and $7.2 billion were in Middle Market Banking, respectively. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 48 for a further discussion of the PPP.
Selected metrics (continued)
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)20222021Change
Credit data and quality statistics
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$6 $29 (79)%
Nonperforming assets
Nonaccrual loans:
Nonaccrual loans retained(a)
$751 
(c)
$1,134 (34)%
Nonaccrual loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value— — — 
Total nonaccrual loans$751 $1,134 (34)
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
17 24 (29)
Total nonperforming assets$768 $1,158 (34)
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$2,357 $3,086 (24)
Allowance for lending-related commitments762 753 1 
Total allowance for credit losses
$3,119 $3,839 (19)%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(b)
0.01 %0.06 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans retained1.11 1.52 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans retained(a)
314 272 
Nonaccrual loans to period-end total loans
0.35 0.55 
(a)Allowance for loan losses of $104 million and $227 million was held against nonaccrual loans retained at March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were excluded when calculating the net charge-off/(recovery) rate.
(c)At March 31, 2022, nonaccrual loans excluded $50 million of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA.
28

ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT
Refer to pages 76-78 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and Line of Business Metrics on pages 173-174 for a discussion of the business profile of AWM.
Selected income statement data
(in millions, except ratios)
Three months ended March 31,
20222021Change
Revenue
Asset management, administration and commissions
$3,115 $2,888 8 %
All other income124 258 (52)
Noninterest revenue3,239 3,146 3 
Net interest income1,076 931 16 
Total net revenue4,315 4,077 6 
Provision for credit losses154 (121)NM
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense1,530 1,389 10 
Noncompensation expense1,330 1,185 12 
Total noninterest expense2,860 2,574 11 
Income before income tax expense1,301 1,624 (20)
Income tax expense293 364 
(a)
(20)
Net income$1,008 $1,260 
(a)
(20)
Revenue by line of business
Asset Management$2,314 $2,185 6 
Global Private Bank2,001 1,892 6 
Total net revenue$4,315 $4,077 6 %
Financial ratios
Return on equity23 %36 
% (a)
Overhead ratio66 63 

Pre-tax margin ratio:
Asset Management33 35 
Global Private Bank27 45 
Asset & Wealth Management30 40 
(a)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Quarterly results
Net income was $1.0 billion, down 20%.
Net revenue was $4.3 billion, up 6%. Net interest income was $1.1 billion, up 16%. Noninterest revenue was $3.2 billion, up 3%.
Revenue from Asset Management was $2.3 billion, up 6% driven by:
•higher asset management fees, net of liquidity fee waivers, on strong cumulative net inflows into long-term products, and higher performance fees,
partially offset by
•lower net investment valuation gains.
Revenue from Global Private Bank was $2.0 billion, up 6% driven by:
•higher loans including the impact of lower funding costs, and
•growth in deposits, net of margin compression,
partially offset by
•lower brokerage fees on reduced volume.
Noninterest expense was $2.9 billion, up 11% predominantly driven by higher structural expense and investments in the business, largely driven by compensation, and higher volume- and revenue-related expense, including distribution fees.
The provision for credit losses was $154 million, driven by an addition to the allowance for credit losses, compared with a net benefit of $121 million in the prior year.
Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 46-66 and Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 63-65 for further discussions of the credit portfolios and the allowance for credit losses.



29

Selected metrics
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ranking data, headcount and ratios)
20222021Change
% of JPM mutual fund assets rated as 4- or 5-star(a)
73 %66 %
% of JPM mutual fund assets ranked in 1st or 2nd quartile:(b)
1 year62 62 
3 years73 73 
5 years81 78 
Selected balance sheet data (period-end)(c)
Total assets$233,070 $213,088 9 %
Loans215,130 192,256 12 
Deposits287,293 217,460 32 
Equity17,000 14,000 21 
Selected balance sheet data (average)(c)
Total assets$232,310 $207,505 12 
Loans214,611 188,726 14 
Deposits287,756 206,562 39 
Equity17,000 14,000 21 
Headcount23,366 20,578 14 
Number of Global Private Bank client advisors2,798 2,462 14 
Credit data and quality statistics(c)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$(1)$11 NM
Nonaccrual loans626 917 (d)(32)
Allowance for credit losses:
Allowance for loan losses$516 $479 8
Allowance for lending-related commitments
19 25 (24)
Total allowance for credit losses
$535 $504 6%
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate— %0.02 %
Allowance for loan losses to period-end loans
0.24 0.25 
Allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans
82 52 (d)
Nonaccrual loans to period-end loans
0.29 0.48 (d)
(a)Represents the Morningstar Rating for all domiciled funds except for Japan domiciled funds which use Nomura. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that have a rating. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds. Prior-period amounts were revised to conform with the current period presentation.
(b)Quartile ranking sourced from Morningstar, Lipper and Nomura based on country of domicile. Includes only Asset Management retail open-ended mutual funds that are ranked by the aforementioned sources. Excludes money market funds, Undiscovered Managers Fund, and Brazil domiciled funds. Prior-period amounts were revised to conform with the current period presentation.
(c)Loans, deposits and related credit data and quality statistics relate to the Global Private Bank business.
(d)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Client assets
Client assets of $4.1 trillion and assets under management of $3.0 trillion were up 8% and 4%, respectively, predominantly driven by cumulative net inflows.
Client assets
As of March 31,
(in billions)20222021Change
Assets by asset class
Liquidity$657 $686 (4)%
Fixed income657 662 (1)
Equity739 661 12 
Multi-asset699 669 4 
Alternatives208 155 34 
Total assets under management2,960 2,833 4 
Custody/brokerage/administration/deposits
1,156 995 16 
Total client assets(a)
$4,116 $3,828 8 
Assets by client segment
Private Banking$777 $718 8 
Global Institutional1,355 1,320 3 
Global Funds828 795 4 
Total assets under management$2,960 $2,833 4 
Private Banking
$1,880 $1,664 13 
Global Institutional1,402 1,362 3 
Global Funds834 802 4 
Total client assets(a)
$4,116 $3,828 8 %
(a)Includes CCB client investment assets invested in managed accounts and J.P. Morgan mutual funds where AWM is the investment manager.
Client assets (continued)

Three months ended March 31,
(in billions)20222021
Assets under management rollforward
Beginning balance$3,113 $2,716 
Net asset flows:
Liquidity(52)44 
Fixed income(3)8 
Equity
11 31 
Multi-asset6 6 
Alternatives5 3 
Market/performance/other impacts
(120)25 
Ending balance, March 31$2,960 $2,833 
Client assets rollforward
Beginning balance$4,295 $3,652 
Net asset flows(5)130 
Market/performance/other impacts
(174)46 
Ending balance, March 31$4,116 $3,828 
30

International
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
20222021Change
Total net revenue (a)
Europe/Middle East/Africa$770 $834 (8)%
Asia-Pacific460 514 (11)
Latin America/Caribbean251 214 17 
Total international net revenue
1,481 1,562 (5)
North America2,834 2,515 13 
Total net revenue(a)
$4,315 $4,077 6 %
(a)Regional revenue is based on the domicile of the client.
As of March 31,
(in billions)
20222021Change
Assets under management
Europe/Middle East/Africa$532 $521 2 %
Asia-Pacific237 228 4 
Latin America/Caribbean75 71 6 
Total international assets under management
844 820 3 
North America2,116 2,013 5 
Total assets under management
$2,960 $2,833 4 
Client assets
Europe/Middle East/Africa$653 $629 4 
Asia-Pacific354 338 5 
Latin America/Caribbean190 168 13 
Total international client assets
1,197 1,135 5 
North America2,919 2,693 8 
Total client assets$4,116 $3,828 8 %

31

CORPORATE
Refer to pages 79-80 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of Corporate.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except headcount)20222021Change
Revenue
Principal transactions$(161)$272 NM
Investment securities gains/(losses)(394)14 NM
All other income210 96 119 %
Noninterest revenue(345)382 NM
Net interest income(536)(855)37 
Total net revenue(a)
(881)(473)(86)
Provision for credit losses29 16 81 
Noninterest expense184 876 (79)
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)
(1,094)(1,365)20 
Income tax expense/(benefit)(238)(513)
(b)
54 
Net income/(loss)$(856)$(852)
(b)
— 
Total net revenue
Treasury and CIO$(944)$(705)(34)
Other Corporate63 232 (73)
Total net revenue$(881)$(473)(86)
Net income/(loss)
Treasury and CIO$(748)$(675)(11)
Other Corporate(108)(177)
(b)
39 
Total net income/(loss)$(856)$(852)
(b)
— 
Total assets (period-end)$1,539,844 $1,409,564 9 
Loans (period-end)1,957 1,627 20 
Headcount
39,802 38,168 4 %
(a)Included tax-equivalent adjustments, driven by tax-exempt income from municipal bonds, of $58 million and $67 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Quarterly results
Net loss was $856 million compared with a net loss of $852 million in the prior year.
Net revenue was a loss of $881 million, compared with a loss of $473 million in the prior year.
Noninterest revenue decreased primarily due to:
•net losses on certain legacy private equity investments, compared with net gains in the prior year, and
•net investment securities losses on sales of U.S. Treasuries and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, compared with net gains in the prior year, associated with repositioning the investment securities portfolios in both periods,
partially offset by
•proceeds from an insurance settlement.
Net interest income increased primarily driven by higher rates, which resulted in slower prepayments.
Noninterest expense of $184 million was down $691 million primarily driven by the absence of the contribution to the Firm's Foundation recorded in the prior year.
The current period tax benefit was predominantly driven by the change in the level and mix of income and expenses subject to U.S. federal and state and local taxes.
Other Corporate also reflects the Firm's International Consumer activity, which includes Chase U.K., the Firm's digital retail bank in the U.K.; Nutmeg, a digital wealth manager in the U.K.; and a 40% ownership stake in C6 Bank, a digital bank in Brazil, which closed in the current quarter.


32

Treasury and CIO overview
At March 31, 2022, the average credit rating of the Treasury and CIO investment securities comprising the portfolio in the table below was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available and, where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Note 9 for further information on the Firm’s investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings.
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 for further information on liquidity and funding risk. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 67-71 for information on interest rate and foreign exchange risks.
Selected income statement and balance sheet data
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021Change
Investment securities gains/(losses)$(394)$14 NM
Available-for-sale securities (average)
$304,314 $372,443 (18)%
Held-to-maturity securities (average)(a)
364,814 207,957 75 
Investment securities portfolio (average)$669,128 $580,400 15 
Available-for-sale securities (period-end)
$310,909 $377,911 (18)
Held-to-maturity securities, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(a)
366,585 217,452 69 
Investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses (period-end)(b)
$677,494 $595,363 14 %
(a)During 2021, the Firm transferred $104.5 billion of investment securities from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, the allowance for credit losses on investment securities was $41 million and $94 million, respectively.
In April 2022, the Firm transferred $65.9 billion of investment securities from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes. AOCI included pretax unrealized losses of $4.7 billion on the securities at the date of transfer.
33

FIRMWIDE RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk is an inherent part of JPMorgan Chase’s business activities. When the Firm extends a consumer or wholesale loan, advises customers and clients on their investment decisions, makes markets in securities, or offers other products or services, the Firm takes on some degree of risk. The Firm’s overall objective is to manage its businesses, and the associated risks, in a manner that balances serving the interests of its clients, customers and investors and protects the safety and soundness of the Firm.
The Firm believes that effective risk management requires, among other things:
•Acceptance of responsibility, including identification and escalation of risks by all individuals within the Firm;
•Ownership of risk identification, assessment, data and management within each of the LOBs and Corporate; and
•Firmwide structures for risk governance.
The Firm follows a disciplined and balanced compensation framework with strong internal governance and independent oversight by the Board of Directors (the “Board”). The impact of risk and control issues is carefully considered in the Firm’s performance evaluation and incentive compensation processes.
Risk governance and oversight framework
The Firm’s risk management governance and oversight framework involves understanding drivers of risks, types of risks, and impacts of risks.
https://cdn.kscope.io/55540db5df1650115a029a0d86e07400-jpm-20220331_g1.jpg
Refer to pages 81-84 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of Firmwide risk management governance and oversight.
Risk governance and oversight functions
The following sections of this Form 10-Q and the 2021 Form 10-K discuss the risk governance and oversight functions in place to manage the risks inherent in the Firm’s business activities.
Risk governance and oversight functions Form 10-Q page referenceForm 10-K page reference
Strategic risk85
Capital risk35-4086-96
Liquidity risk41-4597-104
Reputation risk105
Consumer credit risk49-53110-116
Wholesale credit risk54-62117-128
Investment portfolio risk66132
Market risk67-71133-140
Country risk72-73141-142
Operational risk 74143-149
Compliance risk146
Conduct risk147
Legal risk148
Estimations and Model risk149
34

CAPITAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Capital risk is the risk the Firm has an insufficient level or composition of capital to support the Firm’s business activities and associated risks during normal economic environments and under stressed conditions.
Refer to pages 86-96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K, Note 21 of this Form 10-Q and the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for a further discussion of the Firm’s Capital Risk Management.
Basel III Overview
The capital rules under Basel III establish minimum capital ratios and overall capital adequacy standards for large and internationally active U.S. Bank Holding Companies ("BHCs") and banks, including the Firm and its insured depository institution (“IDI”) subsidiaries, including JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. The minimum amount of regulatory capital that must be held by BHCs and banks is determined by calculating risk-weighted assets (“RWA”), which are on-balance sheet assets and off-balance sheet exposures, weighted according to risk. Two comprehensive approaches are prescribed for calculating RWA: a standardized approach (“Basel III Standardized”), and an advanced approach (“Basel III Advanced”). For each of the risk-based capital ratios, the capital adequacy of the Firm is evaluated against the lower of the Standardized or Advanced approaches compared to their respective regulatory capital ratio requirements. The Firm’s Basel III Standardized-risk-based ratios are currently more binding than the Basel III Advanced-risk-based ratios.
Basel III also includes a requirement for Advanced Approaches banking organizations, including the Firm, to calculate the SLR. The Firm’s SLR is currently more binding than the Basel III Standardized-risk-based ratios. Refer to SLR on page 38 for additional information.
Key Regulatory Developments
CECL regulatory capital transition. On December 31, 2021, the CECL capital transition provisions, which delayed the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, expired. Beginning January 1, 2022, the $2.9 billion CECL capital benefit recognized as of December 31, 2021, will be phased out at 25% per year over a three-year period. As of March 31, 2022, CET1 capital reflected the remaining 75%, or $2.2 billion, benefit associated with the CECL capital transition provisions.
Additionally, effective January 1, 2022, the Firm phased out 25% of the other relevant CECL capital transition provisions recognized as of December 31, 2021, from Tier 2 capital, adjusted average assets, and total leverage exposure.
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 86-96 and Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on CECL capital transition provisions and the CECL accounting guidance.
PPP. As of March 31, 2022, the Firm had $3.6 billion of loans remaining under the PPP program, which receive a zero percent risk weight under the federal banking agencies’ regulatory capital rule. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA.
Total leverage exposure for purposes of calculating the SLR includes PPP loans as the Firm did not participate in the Federal Reserve’s Paycheck Protection Program Lending Facility, which would have allowed the Firm to exclude them under the final rule.
Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk. On January 1, 2022, the Firm adopted “Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk” (“SA-CCR”), which replaced the Current Exposure Method used to measure derivatives counterparty exposure under Standardized approach RWA and Advanced approach RWA where internal models are not used, as well as leverage exposure used to calculate the SLR in the regulatory capital framework. The rule issued by the U.S. banking regulators in November 2019 applies to Basel III Advanced Approaches banking organizations, such as the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Based on the derivatives exposure as of December 31, 2021, the adoption of SA-CCR increased the Firm’s Standardized RWA by approximately $40 billion, a decrease of approximately 30 bps to the Firm's CET1 capital ratio at March 31, 2022, and resulted in a modest decrease in its total leverage exposure. In addition, the adoption of SA-CCR increased the Firm's Advanced RWA at March 31, 2022, but to a lesser extent than Standardized.
35

The following tables present the Firm’s risk-based capital metrics under both the Basel III Standardized and Advanced approaches and leverage-based capital metrics. Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 86-96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of these capital metrics.
StandardizedAdvanced
(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
Capital ratio requirements(b)
March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
Capital ratio requirements(b)
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital$207,903 $213,942 $207,903 $213,942 
Tier 1 capital240,076 246,162 240,076 246,162 
Total capital269,536 274,900 258,989 265,796 
Risk-weighted assets1,750,678 1,638,900 1,643,453 1,547,920 
CET1 capital ratio11.9 %13.1 %11.2 %12.7 %13.8 %10.5 %
Tier 1 capital ratio13.7 15.0 12.7 14.6 15.9 12.0 
Total capital ratio15.4 16.8 14.7 15.8 17.2 14.0 
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP receive a zero percent risk weight.
(b)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
Capital ratio requirements(c)
Leverage-based capital metrics:(a)
Adjusted average assets(b)
$3,857,783 $3,782,035 
Tier 1 leverage ratio6.2 %6.5 %4.0 %
Total leverage exposure$4,586,537 $4,571,789 
SLR5.2 %5.4 %5.0 %
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, and other intangible assets.
(c)Represents minimum requirements and regulatory buffers applicable to the Firm. Refer to Note 21 for additional information.
36

Capital components
The following table presents reconciliations of total stockholders’ equity to Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Total capital as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31, 2021
Total stockholders’ equity$285,899 $294,127 
Less: Preferred stock32,838 34,838 
Common stockholders’ equity253,061 259,289 
Add:
Certain deferred tax liabilities(a)
2,496 2,499 
Other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
4,637 3,351 
Less:
Goodwill51,398 
(e)
50,315 
Other intangible assets
893 882 
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital
$207,903 $213,942 
Preferred stock32,838 34,838 
Less: Other Tier 1 adjustments665 2,618 
(f)
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital
$240,076 $246,162 
Long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2 capital
$13,258 $14,106 
Qualifying allowance for credit losses(c)
16,668 15,012 
Other
(466)(380)
Standardized Tier 2 capital
$29,460 $28,738 
Standardized Total capital
$269,536 $274,900 
Adjustment in qualifying allowance for credit losses for Advanced Tier 2 capital(d)
(10,547)(9,104)
Advanced Tier 2 capital
$18,913 $19,634 
Advanced Total capital
$258,989 $265,796 
(a)Represents deferred tax liabilities related to tax-deductible goodwill and to identifiable intangibles created in nontaxable transactions, which are netted against goodwill and other intangibles when calculating CET1 capital.
(b)As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the impact of the CECL capital transition provision was a benefit to CET1 capital of $2.2 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively.
(c)Represents the allowance for credit losses eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital up to 1.25% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
(d)Represents an adjustment to qualifying allowance for credit losses for the excess of eligible credit reserves over expected credit losses up to 0.6% of credit risk RWA, including the impact of the CECL capital transition provision with any excess deducted from RWA.
(e)Includes estimated equity method goodwill related to the Firm's investment in C6 Bank.
(f)Other Tier 1 Capital adjustments included $2.0 billion of Series Z preferred stock called for redemption on December 31, 2021 and subsequently redeemed on February 1, 2022.


Capital rollforward
The following table presents the changes in Basel III CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital and Tier 2 capital for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		2022
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at December 31, 2021$213,942 
Net income applicable to common equity7,885 
Dividends declared on common stock(2,976)
Net purchase of treasury stock
(1,499)
Changes in additional paid-in capital
(155)
Changes related to AOCI
(9,483)
Adjustment related to AOCI(a)
2,145 
Changes related to other CET1 capital adjustments(b)
(1,956)
Change in Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital(6,039)
Standardized/Advanced CET1 capital at March 31, 2022$207,903 
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at December 31, 2021$246,162 
Change in CET1 capital(b)
(6,039)
Net issuance of noncumulative perpetual preferred stock— 

Other(47)
Change in Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital(6,086)
Standardized/Advanced Tier 1 capital at March 31, 2022$240,076 
Standardized Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2021$28,738 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2
(848)
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
1,656 
Other
(86)
Change in Standardized Tier 2 capital
722 
Standardized Tier 2 capital at March 31, 2022$29,460 
Standardized Total capital at March 31, 2022$269,536 
Advanced Tier 2 capital at December 31, 2021$19,634 
Change in long-term debt and other instruments qualifying as Tier 2
(848)
Change in qualifying allowance for credit losses(b)
213 
Other
(86)
Change in Advanced Tier 2 capital
(721)
Advanced Tier 2 capital at March 31, 2022$18,913 
Advanced Total capital at March 31, 2022$258,989 
(a)Includes cash flow hedges and debit valuation adjustment ("DVA") related to structured notes recorded in AOCI.
(b)Includes the impact of the CECL capital transition provisions.
37

RWA rollforward
The following table presents changes in the components of RWA under Basel III Standardized and Advanced approaches for the three months ended March 31, 2022. The amounts in the rollforward categories are estimates, based on the predominant driver of the change. The increase in both Standardized and Advanced Market risk RWA at March 31, 2022 is largely due to the effects of nickel price increases and the associated volatility in the nickel market.
StandardizedAdvanced
Three months ended
March 31, 2022
(in millions)
Credit risk RWA(c)
Market risk RWATotal RWA
Credit risk RWA(c)
Market risk RWAOperational risk
RWA		Total RWA
December 31, 2021$1,543,452 $95,448 $1,638,900 $1,047,042 $95,506 $405,372 $1,547,920 
Model & data changes(a)
— 564 564 — 564 — 564 
Movement in portfolio levels(b)
76,441 34,773 111,214 46,523 34,672 13,774 94,969 
Changes in RWA76,441 35,337 111,778 46,523 35,236 13,774 95,533 
March 31, 2022$1,619,893 $130,785 $1,750,678 $1,093,565 $130,742 $419,146 $1,643,453 
(a)Model & data changes refer to material movements in levels of RWA as a result of revised methodologies and/or treatment per regulatory guidance (exclusive of rule changes).
(b)Movement in portfolio levels (inclusive of rule changes) refers to: for Credit risk RWA, impact of SA-CCR adoption on January 1, 2022, changes in book size including position rolloffs in legacy portfolios in Home Lending, changes in composition and credit quality, market movements, and deductions for excess eligible credit reserves not eligible for inclusion in Tier 2 capital; for Market risk RWA, changes in position and market movements; and for Operational risk RWA, updates to cumulative losses and macroeconomic model inputs.
(c)As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Basel III Standardized Credit risk RWA included wholesale and retail off balance-sheet RWA of $214.9 billion and $218.5 billion, respectively; and the Basel III Advanced Credit risk RWA included wholesale and retail off balance-sheet RWA of $187.3 billion and $188.5 billion, respectively.

Refer to the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for further information on Credit risk RWA, Market risk RWA and Operational risk RWA.
Supplementary leverage ratio
Refer to Supplementary Leverage Ratio on page 90 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s SLR.
Three months ended
(in millions, except ratio)		March 31,
2022
December 31, 2021
Tier 1 capital
$240,076 $246,162 
Total average assets3,906,788 3,831,655 
Less: Regulatory capital adjustments(a)
49,005 49,620 
Total adjusted average assets(b)
3,857,783 3,782,035 
Add: Off-balance sheet exposures(c)
728,754 789,754 
Total leverage exposure$4,586,537 $4,571,789 
SLR5.2 %5.4 %
(a)For purposes of calculating the SLR, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, other intangible assets and adjustments for the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Adjusted average assets used for the calculation of Tier 1 leverage ratio.
(c)Off-balance sheet exposures are calculated as the average of the three month-end spot balances on applicable regulatory exposures during the reporting quarter. Effective January 1, 2022, includes the impact of the SA-CCR adoption. Refer to the Firm’s Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports for additional information.
Refer to Note 21 for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s SLR.
Line of business equity
Each business segment is allocated capital by taking into consideration a variety of factors including capital levels of similarly rated peers and applicable regulatory capital requirements. Refer to line of business equity on page 93 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.
The following table presents the capital allocated to each business segment.
Line of business equity (Allocated capital)

(in billions)		March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Consumer & Community Banking$50.0 $50.0 
Corporate & Investment Bank103.0 83.0 
Commercial Banking25.0 24.0 
Asset & Wealth Management17.0 14.0 
Corporate58.1 88.3 
Total common stockholders’ equity$253.1 $259.3 
38

Capital actions
Common stock dividends
The Firm’s quarterly common stock dividend is currently $1.00 per share. The Firm’s dividends are subject to approval by the Board of Directors on a quarterly basis.
Common stock
On April 13, 2022, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new $30 billion common share repurchase program, effective May 1, 2022.
Through April 30, 2022, the Firm was authorized to repurchase up to $30 billion of common shares under its previously approved common share repurchase program, that was announced on December 18, 2020.
Refer to Capital actions on page 94 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
The following table sets forth the Firm’s repurchases of common stock for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)2022
2021(a)
Total number of shares of common stock repurchased
18.1 34.7 
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases
$2,500 $4,999 
(a) As directed by the Federal Reserve, total net repurchases and common stock dividends in the first and second quarter of 2021 were restricted and could not exceed the average of the Firm’s net income for the four preceding calendar quarters.
Refer to Part II, Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds and Part II, Item 5: Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities on pages 175-176 of this Form 10-Q and page 35 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K, respectively, for additional information regarding repurchases of the Firm’s equity securities.
Preferred stock
Preferred stock dividends declared were $397 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022.
On February 1, 2022, the Firm redeemed $2.0 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series Z. Refer to Note 17 of this Form 10-Q and Note 21 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s preferred stock, including the issuance and redemption of preferred stock.
Capital planning and stress testing
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
On April 5, 2022, the Firm submitted its 2022 Capital Plan to the Federal Reserve under the Federal Reserve’s Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review ("CCAR") process. The Firm anticipates that the Federal Reserve will disclose the Firm’s indicative Stress Capital Buffer ("SCB") requirement which will become effective October 1, 2022, and summary information regarding the Firm’s stress test results by June 30, 2022. The Firm's SCB is currently 3.2%.
Refer to Capital planning and stress testing on pages 86-87 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on CCAR.
Other capital requirements
Total Loss-Absorbing Capacity
The Federal Reserve’s TLAC rule requires the U.S. global systemically important bank (“GSIB”) top-tier holding companies, including the Firm, to maintain minimum levels of external TLAC and eligible long-term debt (“eligible LTD”).
Refer to other capital requirements on page 95 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on TLAC.
The following table presents the eligible external TLAC and eligible LTD amounts, as well as a representation of the amounts as a percentage of the Firm’s total RWA and total leverage exposure applying the impact of the CECL capital transition provisions as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021
(in billions, except ratio)External TLACLTDExternal TLACLTD
Total eligible amount$462.7 $214.1 $464.6 $210.4 
% of RWA26.4 %12.2 %28.4 %12.8 %
Regulatory requirements22.5 9.5 22.5 9.5 
Surplus/(shortfall)$68.8 $47.8 $95.9 $54.7 
% of total leverage exposure10.1 %4.7 %10.2 %4.6 %
Regulatory requirements9.5 4.5 9.5 4.5 
Surplus/(shortfall)$27.0 $7.7 $30.3 $4.6 
Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 for further information on long-term debt issued by the Parent Company.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors on pages 9-33 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for information on the financial consequences to holders of the Firm’s debt and equity securities in a resolution scenario.
39

U.S. broker-dealer regulatory capital
J.P. Morgan Securities
JPMorgan Chase’s principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary is J.P. Morgan Securities. J.P. Morgan Securities is subject to Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Net Capital Rule”). J.P. Morgan Securities is also registered as a futures commission merchant and is subject to regulatory capital requirements, including those imposed by the SEC, Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”), Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the National Futures Association (“NFA”).
Refer to Broker-dealer regulatory capital on page 96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion on J.P. Morgan Securities’ capital requirements.
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities’ net capital:
March 31, 2022
(in millions)ActualMinimum
Net Capital$21,975 $6,364 
Non-U.S. subsidiary regulatory capital
J.P. Morgan Securities plc
J.P. Morgan Securities plc is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and has authority to engage in banking, investment banking and broker-dealer activities. J.P. Morgan Securities plc is jointly regulated by the U.K. Prudential Regulation Authority (“PRA”) and the Financial Conduct Authority (“FCA”). J.P. Morgan Securities plc is subject to the European Union ("EU") Capital Requirements Regulation ("CRR"), as adopted in the U.K., and the PRA capital rules, each of which have implemented Basel III and thereby subject J.P. Morgan Securities plc to its requirements.
Refer to Broker-dealer regulatory capital on page 96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion on J.P. Morgan Securities plc.
The Bank of England requires that U.K. banks, including U.K. regulated subsidiaries of overseas groups, maintain minimum requirements for own funds and eligible liabilities ("MREL"). As of March 31, 2022, J.P. Morgan Securities plc was compliant with the MREL requirements, that became fully phased-in on January 1, 2022.
The following table presents J.P. Morgan Securities plc’s capital metrics:
March 31, 2022
Regulatory Minimum ratios(a)
(in millions, except ratios)Estimated
Total capital$53,540 
CET1 ratio18.5 %4.5 %
Total capital ratio23.8 %8.0 %
(a)Represents minimum Pillar 1 requirements specified by the PRA. J.P. Morgan Securities plc's capital ratios as of March 31, 2022 exceeded the minimum requirements, including the additional capital requirements specified by the PRA.
J.P. Morgan SE
JPMSE is a wholly-owned subsidiary of JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and has authority to engage in banking, investment banking and markets activities. JPMSE is regulated by the European Central Bank as well as the banking regulators in Germany and Luxembourg and it is subject to EU capital requirements under Basel III.
JPMSE is required by the EU Single Resolution Board to maintain MREL. As of March 31, 2022, JPMSE was compliant with the MREL requirements.
The following table presents JPMSE’s capital metrics:
March 31, 2022
Regulatory Minimum ratios(a)
(in millions, except ratios)Estimated
Total capital$37,279 
CET1 ratio18.6 %4.5 %
Total capital ratio29.6 %8.0 %
(a)Represents minimum Pillar 1 requirements specified by the EU CRR. J.P. Morgan SE’s capital ratios as of March 31, 2022 exceeded the minimum requirements, including the additional capital requirements specified by the European Banking Authority.
40

LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Firm will be unable to meet its contractual and contingent financial obligations as they arise or that it does not have the appropriate amount, composition and tenor of funding and liquidity to support its assets and liabilities. Refer to pages 97-104 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports, which are available on the Firm’s website for a further discussion of the Firm’s Liquidity Risk Management.
LCR and HQLA
The LCR rule requires that the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintain an amount of eligible HQLA that is sufficient to meet their respective estimated total net cash outflows over a prospective 30 calendar-day period of significant stress. Under the LCR rule, the amount of eligible HQLA held by JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that is in excess of its stand-alone 100% minimum LCR requirement, and that is not transferable to non-bank affiliates, must be excluded from the Firm’s reported eligible HQLA. The LCR for both the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. is required to be a minimum of 100%. Refer to page 98 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and the Firm’s U.S. LCR Disclosure reports for additional information on HQLA and net cash outflows.
The following table summarizes the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR for the three months ended March 31, 2022, December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021 based on the Firm’s interpretation of the LCR framework.
Three months ended
Average amount
(in millions)		March 31,
2022		December 31, 2021March 31,
2021
JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
HQLA
Eligible cash(a)
$680,003 $703,384 $578,029 
Eligible securities(b)(c)
42,512 34,738 118,542 
Total HQLA(d)
$722,515 $738,122 $696,571 
Net cash outflows$658,998 $664,801 $634,221 
LCR110 %111 %110 %
Net excess eligible HQLA(d)
$63,517 $73,321 $62,350 
JPMorgan Chase Bank N.A.:
LCR181 %178 %166 %
Net excess eligible HQLA$560,987 $555,300 $442,617 
(a)Represents cash on deposit at central banks, primarily the Federal Reserve Banks.
(b)Predominantly U.S. Treasuries, U.S. GSE and government agency MBS, and sovereign bonds net of applicable haircuts under the LCR rule.
(c)Eligible HQLA securities may be reported in securities borrowed or purchased under resale agreements, trading assets, or investment securities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)Excludes average excess eligible HQLA at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.’s average LCR increased during the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared with both the three month periods ended December 31, 2021 and March 31, 2021 primarily due to growth in deposits. The increase in excess liquidity in JPMorgan Chase Bank,
N.A. is excluded from the Firm’s reported LCR under the LCR rule.
The Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.'s average LCR fluctuates from period to period, due to changes in its eligible HQLA and estimated net cash outflows as a result of ongoing business activity.
Other liquidity sources
In addition to the assets reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA discussed above, the Firm had unencumbered marketable securities, such as equity and debt securities, that the Firm believes would be available to raise liquidity. This includes excess eligible HQLA securities at JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. that are not transferable to non-bank affiliates. The fair value of these securities was approximately $939 billion and $914 billion as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, although the amount of liquidity that could be raised at any particular time would be dependent on prevailing market conditions. The fair value increased compared to December 31, 2021, primarily due to an increase in CIB trading assets.
The Firm also had available borrowing capacity at the Federal Home Loan Banks ("FHLBs") and the discount window at the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of collateral pledged by the Firm to such banks of approximately $298 billion and $308 billion as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. This borrowing capacity excludes the benefit of cash and securities reported in the Firm’s eligible HQLA or other unencumbered securities that are currently pledged at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and other central banks. Although available, the Firm does not view this borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window and the other central banks as a primary source of liquidity.
NSFR
The net stable funding ratio (“NSFR”) rule requires that the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. maintain an amount of “available” stable funding that is sufficient to meet their “required” amounts of stable funding over a one-year horizon.
As of March 31, 2022, the Firm and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were compliant with the 100% minimum NSFR requirement, based on the Firm's current understanding of the final rule. The Firm will be required to publicly disclose its quarterly average NSFR semi annually beginning in 2023.
41

Funding
Sources of funds
Management believes that the Firm’s unsecured and secured funding capacity is sufficient to meet its on- and off-balance sheet obligations, which includes both short- and long-term cash requirements.
The Firm funds its global balance sheet through diverse sources of funding including stable deposits, secured and unsecured funding in the capital markets and stockholders’ equity. Deposits are the primary funding source for JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. Additionally, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. may access funding through short- or long-term secured borrowings, through the issuance of unsecured
long-term debt, or from borrowings from the Intermediate Holding Company (“IHC”). The Firm’s non-bank subsidiaries are primarily funded from long-term unsecured borrowings and short-term secured borrowings, primarily securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements. Excess funding is invested by Treasury and CIO in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio or deployed in cash or other short-term liquid investments based on their interest rate and liquidity risk characteristics.
Refer to Note 22 for additional information on off-balance sheet obligations.
Deposits
The table below summarizes, by LOB and Corporate, the period-end deposit balances as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, and the average deposit balances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Three months ended March 31,
DepositsAverage
(in millions)20222021
Consumer & Community Banking
$1,189,308 $1,148,110 $1,153,513 $979,686 
Corporate & Investment Bank
775,278 707,791 756,643 747,087 
Commercial Banking
307,894 323,954 316,787 290,818 
Asset & Wealth Management
287,293 282,052 287,756 206,562 
Corporate
1,434 396 854 479 
Total Firm$2,561,207 $2,462,303 $2,515,553 $2,224,632 
Deposits provide a stable source of funding and reduce the Firm’s reliance on the wholesale funding markets. A significant portion of the Firm’s deposits are consumer deposits and wholesale operating deposits, which are both considered to be stable sources of liquidity. Wholesale operating deposits are considered to be stable sources of liquidity because they are generated from customers that maintain operating service relationships with the Firm.
The table below shows the loan and deposit balances, the loans-to-deposits ratio, and deposits as a percentage of total liabilities, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(in billions except ratios)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Deposits
$2,561.2 $2,462.3 
Deposits as a % of total liabilities
70 %71 %
Loans
$1,073.3 $1,077.7 
Loans-to-deposits ratio
42 %44 %
The Firm believes that average deposit balances are generally more representative of deposit trends than period-end deposit balances. However, during periods of market disruption those trends could be affected.
Average deposits increased for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the three months ended March 31, 2021, reflecting inflows across the LOBs primarily driven by the ongoing effect of certain government actions. In CCB, the increase was also driven by growth from new and existing accounts across both consumer and small business customers.
Refer to the discussion of the Firm’s Business Segment Results and the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 17-33 and pages 12-13, respectively, for further information on deposit and liability balance trends.
42

The following table summarizes short-term and long-term funding, excluding deposits, as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, and average balances for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Refer to the Consolidated Balance Sheets Analysis on pages 12-13 and Note 10 for additional information.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Three months ended March 31,
Sources of funds (excluding deposits)Average
(in millions)20222021
Commercial paper
$18,654 $15,108 $14,577 $12,853 
Other borrowed funds
12,010 9,999 13,595 11,246 
Federal Funds purchased619 1,769 1,697 2,419 
Total short-term unsecured funding$31,283 $26,876 $29,869 $26,518 
Securities sold under agreements to repurchase(a)
$217,652 $189,806 $243,615 $291,405 
Securities loaned(a)
5,587 2,765 4,903 7,562 
Other borrowed funds26,922 28,487 

27,936 25,959 
Obligations of Firm-administered multi-seller conduits(b)
6,250 6,198 6,470 10,211 
Total short-term secured funding
$256,411 $227,256 $282,924 $335,137 
Senior notes$188,931 $191,488 $190,434 $167,453 
Subordinated debt19,500 20,531 20,244 21,251 
Structured notes(c)
69,775 73,956 71,173 75,039 
Total long-term unsecured funding$278,206 $285,975 $281,851 $263,743 
Credit card securitization(b)
$1,748 $2,397 $2,275 $4,825 
FHLB advances11,108 11,110 11,109 13,733 
Other long-term secured funding(d)
3,925 3,920 3,908 4,626 
Total long-term secured funding$16,781 $17,427 $17,292 $23,184 
Preferred stock(e)
$32,838 $34,838 $33,526 $30,312 
Common stockholders’ equity(e)
$253,061 $259,289 $252,506 $245,542 
(a)Primarily consists of short-term securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase.
(b)Included in beneficial interests issued by consolidated variable interest entities on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
(c)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.
(d)Includes long-term structured notes which are secured.
(e)Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 35-40 and Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity on page 83 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 21 and Note 22 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on preferred stock and common stockholders’ equity.
Short-term funding
The Firm’s sources of short-term secured funding primarily consist of securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase. These instruments are secured predominantly by high-quality securities collateral, including government-issued debt and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS. Securities sold under agreements to repurchase increased at March 31, 2022, compared with December 31, 2021, due to the impact of client activities and higher secured financing of trading assets in Markets.
The balances associated with securities loaned or sold under agreements to repurchase fluctuate over time due to investment and financing activities of clients, the Firm’s demand for financing, the ongoing management of the mix of the Firm’s liabilities, including its secured and unsecured financing (for both the investment securities and market-making portfolios), and other market and portfolio factors.
The Firm’s sources of short-term unsecured funding primarily consist of issuances of wholesale commercial paper and other borrowed funds. The increase in commercial paper at March 31, 2022, from December 31, 2021, and for the average three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period, was due to higher net issuance primarily for short-term liquidity management.
The increase in unsecured other borrowed funds at March 31, 2022, from December 31, 2021, and for the average three months ended March 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period, was primarily due to higher overdrafts in CIB.
43

Long-term funding and issuance
Long-term funding provides an additional source of stable funding and liquidity for the Firm. The Firm’s long-term funding plan is driven primarily by expected client activity, liquidity considerations, and regulatory requirements, including TLAC. Long-term funding objectives include maintaining diversification, maximizing market access and optimizing funding costs. The Firm evaluates various funding markets, tenors and currencies in creating its optimal long-term funding plan.
The significant majority of the Firm’s long-term unsecured funding is issued by the Parent Company to provide flexibility in support of both bank and non-bank subsidiary funding needs. The Parent Company advances substantially all net funding proceeds to its subsidiary, the IHC. The IHC does not issue debt to external counterparties. The following table summarizes long-term unsecured issuance and maturities or redemptions for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 97-104 and Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the IHC and long-term debt.
Long-term unsecured funding
Three months ended March 31,Three months ended March 31,
2022202120222021
(Notional in millions)
Parent Company
Subsidiaries
Issuance
Senior notes issued in the U.S. market$8,100 $9,250 $— $— 
Senior notes issued in non-U.S. markets
2,752 2,792 — — 
Total senior notes10,852 12,042 — — 
Structured notes(a)
1,156 1,496 8,449 10,495 
Total long-term unsecured funding – issuance
$12,008 $13,538 $8,449 $10,495 
Maturities/redemptions
Senior notes$3,693 $2,700 $64 $66 
Structured notes977 1,970 7,647 8,514 
Total long-term unsecured funding – maturities/redemptions
$4,670 $4,670 $7,711 $8,580 
(a)Includes certain TLAC-eligible long-term unsecured debt issued by the Parent Company.

The Firm can also raise secured long-term funding through securitization of consumer credit card loans and FHLB advances. The following table summarizes the securitization issuance and FHLB advances and their respective maturities or redemptions for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Long-term secured funding
Three months ended March 31,
IssuanceMaturities/Redemptions
(in millions)2022202120222021
Credit card securitization
$— $— $650 $625 
FHLB advances— — 2 1,001 
Other long-term secured funding(a)
202 138 61 108 
Total long-term secured funding
$202 $138 $713 $1,734 
(a)Includes long-term structured notes that are secured.
The Firm’s wholesale businesses also securitize loans for client-driven transactions; those client-driven loan securitizations are not considered to be a source of funding for the Firm and are not included in the table above. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further description of the client-driven loan securitizations.
44

Credit ratings
The cost and availability of financing are influenced by credit ratings. Reductions in these ratings could have an adverse effect on the Firm’s access to liquidity sources, increase the cost of funds, trigger additional collateral or funding requirements and decrease the number of investors and counterparties willing to lend to the Firm. The nature and magnitude of the impact of ratings downgrades depends on numerous contractual and behavioral factors, which the Firm believes are incorporated in its liquidity risk and stress testing metrics. The Firm believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity to withstand a potential decrease in funding capacity due to ratings downgrades.
Additionally, the Firm’s funding requirements for VIEs and other third-party commitments may be adversely affected by a decline in credit ratings. Refer to liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features in Note 4 for additional information on the impact of a credit ratings downgrade on the funding requirements for VIEs, and on derivatives and collateral agreements.

The credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries as of March 31, 2022, were as follows:
JPMorgan Chase & Co.JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
 J.P. Morgan Securities plc
 J.P. Morgan SE (b)
March 31, 2022Long-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlookLong-term issuerShort-term issuerOutlook
Moody’s Investors Service (a)
A2P-1Positive/StableAa2P-1StableAa3P-1Stable
Standard & Poor’sA-A-2PositiveA+A-1PositiveA+A-1Positive
Fitch RatingsAA-F1+StableAAF1+StableAAF1+Stable
(a) Moody’s outlook for the Parent Company’s long-term and short-term issuer rating is positive and stable, respectively.
(b) In January 2022, the three rating agencies affirmed the credit ratings of J.P. Morgan SE, which are equivalent to the ratings previously assigned to J.P. Morgan SE's predecessors, J.P. Morgan Bank Luxembourg S.A. and J.P. Morgan AG.
Refer to page 104 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the factors that could affect credit ratings of the Parent Company and the Firm’s principal bank and non-bank subsidiaries.

45

CREDIT AND INVESTMENT RISK MANAGEMENT
Credit and investment risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer; or loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments, including consumer credit risk,
wholesale credit risk, and investment portfolio risk. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio, Wholesale Credit Portfolio and
Allowance for Credit Losses on pages 49-65 for a further discussion of Credit Risk.
Refer to page 66 for a further discussion of Investment Portfolio Risk. Refer to Credit and Investment Risk Management on pages 106-132 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s Credit and Investment Risk Management framework.
46

CREDIT PORTFOLIO
Credit risk is the risk associated with the default or change in credit profile of a client, counterparty or customer.
In the following tables, reported total loans include loans retained (i.e., held-for-investment); loans held-for-sale; and certain loans accounted for at fair value. The following tables do not include loans which the Firm accounts for at fair value and classifies as trading assets; refer to Notes 2 and 3 for further information regarding these loans. Refer to Notes 11, 22 and 4 for additional information on the Firm’s loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables.
Refer to Note 9 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the Firm’s investment securities portfolio; and refer to Note 10 for information regarding the credit risk inherent in the securities financing portfolio. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53 and Note 11 for further discussions of the consumer credit environment and consumer loans. Refer to Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 54-62 and Note 11 for further discussions of the wholesale credit environment and wholesale loans.
Total credit portfolio
Credit exposure
Nonperforming(c)(d)
(in millions)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Loans retained$1,018,397 $1,010,206 $6,774 $6,932 
Loans held-for-sale6,425 8,688 70 48 
Loans at fair value48,463 58,820 914 815 
Total loans1,073,285 1,077,714 7,758 7,795 
Derivative receivables73,636 57,081 

597 316 
Receivables from customers(a)
68,473 59,645 — — 
Total credit-related assets1,215,394 1,194,440 8,355 8,111 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA226 213 
OtherNANA24 22 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NANA250 235 
Lending-related commitments1,301,618 1,262,313 767 764 
Total credit portfolio$2,517,012 $2,456,753 $9,372 $9,110 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(19,736)$(22,218)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(15,166)(10,102)NANA
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage credit exposures.
(c)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $598 million and $623 million, respectively, and real estate owned (“REO”) insured by U.S. government agencies of $6 million and $5 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(d)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded $236 million and $633 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA.

47

The following table provides information about the Firm’s net charge-offs and recoveries.
(in millions,
except ratios)		Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Net charge-offs$582 $1,057 
Average retained loans1,004,253 952,068 
Net charge-off rates0.24 %0.45 %
Customer and client assistance
The Firm provided assistance to customers impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in the form of payment deferrals. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53 for additional information. Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 110-116 and Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 117-128 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for information on customer and client assistance provided during 2021.
Paycheck Protection Program
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Firm had $3.6 billion and $6.7 billion, respectively, of PPP loans, including $2.9 billion and $5.4 billion, respectively, in consumer, and $704 million and $1.3 billion, respectively, in wholesale.
The PPP ended on May 31, 2021 for new applications. As of March 31, 2022, approximately $36 billion of PPP loans have been repaid through forgiveness payments to the Firm from the SBA.
At March 31, 2022, $236 million of PPP loans 90 or
more days past due have been excluded from the Firm’s
nonaccrual loans as they are guaranteed by the SBA.
Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 109 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion on the PPP.
48

CONSUMER CREDIT PORTFOLIO
The Firm’s retained consumer portfolio consists primarily of residential real estate loans, credit card loans, scored auto and business banking loans, as well as associated lending-related commitments. The Firm’s focus is on serving primarily the prime segment of the consumer credit market. Refer to Note 11 of this Form 10-Q; and Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 110-116 and Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on consumer loans, as well as the Firm’s nonaccrual and charge-off accounting policies. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q and Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on lending-related commitments.
The following tables present consumer credit-related information with respect to the scored credit portfolios held in CCB, AWM, CIB and Corporate.
Consumer credit portfolio
(in millions)Credit exposure
Nonaccrual loans(j)(k)(l)
Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Consumer, excluding credit card
Residential real estate(a)
$227,926 $224,795 $4,375 $4,759 
Auto and other(b)(c)(d)
68,235 70,761 110 119 
Total loans – retained296,161 295,556 4,485 4,878 
Loans held-for-sale808 1,287 23 — 
Loans at fair value(e)
15,520 26,463 502 472 
Total consumer, excluding credit card loans312,489 323,306 5,010 5,350 
Lending-related commitments(f)
47,103 45,334 
Total consumer exposure, excluding credit card359,592 368,640 
Credit card
Loans retained(g)
152,283 154,296 NANA
Loans held-for-sale— — NANA
Total credit card loans152,283 154,296 NANA
Lending-related commitments(f)(h)
757,283 730,534 
Total credit card exposure(h)
909,566 884,830 
Total consumer credit portfolio(h)
$1,269,158 $1,253,470 $5,010 $5,350 
Credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(i)
$(1,781)$(2,028)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)Net charge-offs/(recoveries)Average loans - retained
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(m)
202220212022202120222021
Consumer, excluding credit card
Residential real estate$(67)$(51)$225,932 $222,972 (0.12)%(0.09)%
Auto and other113 72 69,528 79,083 0.66 0.37 
Total consumer, excluding credit card - retained46 21 295,460 302,055 0.06 0.03 
Credit card - retained506 983 149,398 134,155 1.37 2.97 
Total consumer - retained$552 $1,004 $444,858 $436,210 0.50 %0.93 %
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in Corporate.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, excluded operating lease assets of $15.8 billion and $17.1 billion, respectively. These operating lease assets are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to Note 16 for further information.
(c)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(d)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, included $2.9 billion and $5.4 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP. The Firm does not expect to realize material credit losses on PPP loans because the loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Refer to Credit Portfolio on page 48 for a further discussion of the PPP.
(e)Includes scored mortgage loans held in CCB and CIB.
(f)Credit card, home equity and certain business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available lines of credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit would be used at the same time. For credit card commitments, and if certain conditions are met, home equity commitments and certain business banking commitments, the Firm can reduce or cancel these lines of credit by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. Refer to Note 22 for further information.
(g)Includes billed interest and fees.
(h)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(i)Represents the notional amount of protection obtained through the issuance of credit-related notes that reference certain pools of residential real estate and auto loans in the retained consumer portfolio.
(j)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $598 million and $623 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from nonaccrual loans based upon the government guarantee. In addition, the Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status, as permitted by regulatory guidance.
(k)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
(l)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded $179 million and $506 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA.
(m)Average consumer loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value were $23.9 billion and $21.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. These amounts were excluded when calculating net charge-off/(recovery) rates.
49

Consumer assistance
In March 2020, the Firm began providing assistance to customers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, predominantly in the form of payment deferrals. In the first quarter of 2022, the COVID-19 consumer payment deferral programs ended for new enrollments, except for loans collateralized by residential real estate, as that program remains in effect due to the U.S. government's extension of its declaration of a national emergency with respect to the COVID-19 pandemic.
As of March 31, 2022, the Firm had approximately $825 million of retained consumer loans under payment deferral programs, predominantly in residential real estate. Predominantly all borrowers that exited payment deferral programs are current. During the first quarter of 2022, there were approximately $385 million of new enrollments in consumer payment deferral programs. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
50

Consumer, excluding credit card
Portfolio analysis
Loans decreased from December 31, 2021 driven by residential real estate loans at fair value and auto and other loans, partially offset by higher retained residential real estate loans.
Residential real estate: The residential real estate portfolio, including loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, predominantly consists of prime mortgage loans and home equity lines of credit.
Retained loans increased compared to December 31, 2021 in AWM, on slower prepayments. Retained nonaccrual loans decreased from December 31, 2021 reflecting improved credit performance. Net recoveries for the three months ended March 31, 2022 were higher when compared with the same period in the prior year as the current year benefited from the recovery on a loan sale as well as further improvement in Home Price Index ("HPI").
Loans at fair value decreased from December 31, 2021, as sales outpaced originations in Home Lending due to higher interest rates and lower loan purchase activity in CIB. Nonaccrual loans at fair value increased from December 31, 2021 driven by CIB.
The carrying value of home equity lines of credit outstanding was $17.6 billion at March 31, 2022. This amount included $5.9 billion of HELOCs that have recast from interest-only to fully amortizing payments or have been modified and $5.7 billion of interest-only balloon HELOCs, which primarily mature after 2030. The Firm manages the risk of HELOCs during their revolving period by closing or reducing the undrawn line to the extent permitted by law when borrowers are exhibiting a material deterioration in their credit risk profile.
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying value of interest-only residential mortgage loans were $32.1 billion and $30.0 billion, respectively. These loans have an interest-only payment period generally followed by an adjustable-rate or fixed-rate fully amortizing payment period to maturity and are typically originated as higher-balance loans to higher-income borrowers, predominantly in AWM. The interest-only residential mortgage loan portfolio reflected net recoveries for the three months ended March 31, 2022, in line with the performance of the broader prime mortgage portfolio.
The following table provides a summary of the Firm’s residential mortgage portfolio insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies, predominantly loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value. The Firm monitors its exposure to certain potential unrecoverable claim payments related to government-insured loans and considers this exposure in estimating the allowance for loan losses.
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Current$604 $689 
30-89 days past due113 135 
90 or more days past due598 623 
Total government guaranteed loans$1,315 $1,447 
Geographic composition and current estimated loan-to-value ratio of residential real estate loans
Refer to Note 11 for information on the geographic composition and current estimated LTVs of the Firm’s residential real estate loans.
Modified residential real estate loans
The following table presents information relating to modified retained residential real estate loans for which concessions have been granted to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty, which include both TDRs and modified PCD loans not accounted for as TDRs. The following table does not include loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions and, therefore, are not TDRs. Refer to Note 11 for further information on modifications for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Retained loans$12,680 $13,251 
Nonaccrual retained loans(a)
$3,748 $3,938 
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans included $2.8 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively, of TDRs for which the borrowers were less than 90 days past due. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information about loans modified in a TDR that are on nonaccrual status.
51

Auto and other: The auto and other loan portfolio, including loans at fair value, predominantly consists of prime-quality scored auto and business banking loans, as well as overdrafts. The portfolio decreased when compared with December 31, 2021 due to a decrease in business banking loans driven by PPP loan forgiveness. Scored auto portfolio loans were relatively flat as paydowns were offset by loan originations. Net charge-offs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 increased when compared to the same period in the prior year due to higher overdraft and scored auto charge-offs partially offset by lower scored business banking charge-offs. The scored auto portfolio net charge-off rates were 0.18% and 0.13% for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Nonperforming assets
The following table presents information as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, about consumer, excluding credit card, nonperforming assets.
Nonperforming assets(a)
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Nonaccrual loans
Residential real estate(b)
$4,900 $5,231 
Auto and other(c)
110 119 
Total nonaccrual loans5,010 5,350 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate owned124 112 
Other24 22 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
148 134 
Total nonperforming assets$5,158 $5,484 
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonperforming assets excluded mortgage loans 90 or more days past due and insured by U.S. government agencies of $598 million and $623 million, respectively, and REO insured by U.S. government agencies of $6 million and $5 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(b)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
(c)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded $179 million and $506 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA.
Nonaccrual loans
The following table presents changes in consumer, excluding credit card, nonaccrual loans for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Nonaccrual loan activity
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		20222021
Beginning balance$5,350 $6,467 
Additions638 673 
Reductions:
Principal payments and other(a)
363 598 
Charge-offs66 73 
Returned to performing status495 459 
Foreclosures and other liquidations54 20 
Total reductions978 1,150 
Net changes(340)(477)
Ending balance$5,010 $5,990 
(a)Other reductions includes loan sales.
Refer to Note 11 for further information about the consumer credit portfolio, including information about delinquencies, other credit quality indicators, loan modifications and loans that were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.
Purchased credit deteriorated (“PCD”) loans
The following tables provide credit-related information for PCD loans which are reported in residential real estate.
(in millions, except ratios)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Loan delinquency(a)
Current$12,186 $12,746 
30-149 days past due325 331 
150 or more days past due492 664 
Total PCD loans
$13,003 $13,741 
% of 30+ days past due to total retained PCD loans 6.28 %7.24 %
Nonaccrual loans$1,455 $1,616 
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)$(1)$13 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate(0.03)%0.32 %
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.

52

Credit card
Total credit card loans decreased from December 31, 2021 reflecting the impact of seasonality. The March 31, 2022 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 1.09% and 0.54%, respectively, increased compared to the December 31, 2021 30+ and 90+ day delinquency rates of 1.04% and 0.50%, also reflecting the impact of seasonality. Net charge-offs decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2022 compared with the same period in the prior year. Delinquency and net charge-off rates continue to benefit from elevated consumer cash balances.
Consistent with the Firm’s policy, all credit card loans typically remain on accrual status until charged off. However, the Firm’s allowance for loan losses includes the estimated uncollectible portion of accrued and billed interest and fee income. Refer to Note 11 for further information about this portfolio, including information about delinquencies.
Geographic and FICO composition of credit card loans
Refer to Note 11 for information on the geographic and FICO composition of the Firm’s credit card loans.
Modifications of credit card loans
At March 31, 2022, the Firm had $901 million of credit card loans outstanding that have been modified in TDRs, which does not include loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered TDRs, compared to $1.0 billion at December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 11 for additional information about loan modification programs to borrowers.
53

WHOLESALE CREDIT PORTFOLIO
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm is exposed to credit risk primarily through its underwriting, lending, market-making, and hedging activities with and for clients and counterparties, as well as through various operating services (such as cash management and clearing activities), securities financing activities and cash placed with banks. A portion of the loans originated or acquired by the Firm’s wholesale businesses is generally retained on the balance sheet. The Firm distributes a significant percentage of the loans that it originates into the market as part of its syndicated loan business and to manage portfolio concentrations and credit risk. The wholesale portfolio is actively managed, in part by conducting ongoing, in-depth reviews of client credit quality and transaction structure inclusive of collateral where applicable, and of industry, product and client concentrations. Refer to the industry discussion on pages 56-59 for further information.
The Firm’s wholesale credit portfolio includes exposure held in CIB, CB, AWM and Corporate, as well as risk-rated exposures held in CCB, including business banking and auto dealer exposure for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for credit losses.
In the three months ended March 31, 2022, credit continued to perform well with charge-offs at historically low levels, however, nonperforming exposure increased driven by client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades. Refer to Business Developments on page 8 and Country Risk on pages 72-73 for additional information.
As of March 31, 2022, retained loans increased $9.6 billion driven by CIB and CB partially offset by decreases in AWM. Lending-related commitments increased $10.8 billion, driven by net portfolio activity in CIB.
As of March 31, 2022, the net increase in nonperforming loans of $303 million was driven by client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades. Nonperforming derivatives increased $281 million largely driven by client-specific downgrades in commodities.

Wholesale credit portfolio
Credit exposureNonperforming
(in millions)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Loans retained$569,953 $560,354 $2,289 $2,054 
Loans held-for-sale5,617 7,401 47 48 
Loans at fair value32,943 32,357 412 343 
Loans608,513 600,112 2,748 2,445 
Derivative receivables73,636 57,081 597 316 
Receivables from customers(a)
68,473 59,645 — — 
Total wholesale credit-related assets750,622 716,838 3,345 2,761 
Assets acquired in loan satisfactions
Real estate ownedNANA102 101 
OtherNANA— — 
Total assets acquired in loan satisfactions
NANA102 101 
Lending-related commitments497,232 486,445 767 764 
Total wholesale credit portfolio$1,247,854 $1,203,283 $4,214 $3,626 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)
$(17,955)$(20,190)$— $— 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(15,166)(10,102)NANA
(a)Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM; these are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(b)Represents the net notional amount of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage both performing and nonperforming wholesale credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Credit derivatives on page 62 and Note 4 for additional information.


54

Wholesale credit exposure – maturity and ratings profile
The following tables present the maturity and internal risk ratings profiles of the wholesale credit portfolio as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. The Firm generally considers internal ratings with qualitative characteristics equivalent to BBB-/Baa3 or higher as investment grade, and takes into consideration collateral and structural support when determining the internal risk rating for each credit facility. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on internal risk ratings.
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
1 year or less 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
March 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained$214,091 $224,152 $131,710 $569,953 $411,187 $158,766 $569,953 72 %
Derivative receivables73,636 73,636 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(15,166)(15,166)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral27,765 14,761 15,944 58,470 38,640 19,830 58,470 66 
Lending-related commitments139,482 332,563 25,187 497,232 339,092 158,140 497,232 68 
Subtotal381,338 571,476 172,841 1,125,655 788,919 336,736 1,125,655 70 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
38,560 38,560 
Receivables from customers 68,473 68,473 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,232,688 $1,232,688 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(3,221)$(10,093)$(4,641)$(17,955)$(14,769)$(3,186)$(17,955)82 %
Maturity profile(d)
Ratings profile
1 year or less 1 year through 5 yearsAfter 5 yearsTotalInvestment-gradeNoninvestment-gradeTotalTotal % of IG
December 31, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)
Loans retained $214,064 $218,176 $128,114 $560,354 $410,011 $150,343 $560,354 73 %
Derivative receivables57,081 57,081 
Less: Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives(10,102)(10,102)
Total derivative receivables, net of collateral13,648 12,814 20,517 46,979 31,934 15,045 46,979 68 
Lending-related commitments120,929 340,308 25,208 486,445 331,116 155,329 486,445 68 
Subtotal348,641 571,298 173,839 1,093,778 773,061 320,717 1,093,778 71 
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value(a)
39,758 39,758 
Receivables from customers 59,645 59,645 
Total exposure – net of liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivatives$1,193,181 $1,193,181 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities(b)(c)
$(7,509)$(10,414)$(2,267)$(20,190)$(15,559)$(4,631)$(20,190)77 %
(a)Loans held-for-sale are primarily related to syndicated loans and loans transferred from the retained portfolio.
(b)These derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP.
(c)The notional amounts are presented on a net basis by underlying reference entity and the ratings profile shown is based on the ratings of the reference entity on which protection has been purchased. Predominantly all of the credit derivatives entered into by the Firm where it has purchased protection used in credit portfolio management activities are executed with investment-grade counterparties. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained loan portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes.
(d)The maturity profile of retained loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables is generally based on remaining contractual maturity. Derivative contracts that are in a receivable position at March 31, 2022, may become payable prior to maturity based on their cash flow profile or changes in market conditions.

55

Wholesale credit exposure – industry exposures
The Firm focuses on the management and diversification of its industry exposures, and pays particular attention to industries with actual or potential credit concerns.
Exposures deemed criticized align with the U.S. banking regulators’ definition of criticized exposures, which consist of the special mention, substandard and doubtful categories. Total criticized exposure, excluding loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value, was $36.9 billion and $38.2 billion at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, representing approximately 3.2% and 3.5% of total wholesale credit exposure, respectively. The decrease in criticized exposure was driven by client-specific upgrades and net portfolio activity, largely offset by client-specific downgrades. The $36.9 billion of criticized exposure at March 31, 2022 was largely undrawn and $33.2 billion was performing.
The table below summarizes by industry the Firm’s exposures as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. The industry of risk category is generally based on the client or counterparty’s primary business activity. Refer to Note 4 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on industry concentrations.
Wholesale credit exposure – industries(a)
Selected metrics
30 days or more past due and accruing
loans		Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges and credit-related notes(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the three months ended
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
March 31, 2022
(in millions)
Real Estate$160,376 $123,203 $32,237 $4,404 $532 $216 $6 $(314)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
137,486 119,509 17,098 433 446 1,800 — — — 
Consumer & Retail121,051 59,851 53,929 6,828 443 345 1 (495)— 
Asset Managers90,092 75,238 14,843 — 11 59 — — (5,852)
Technology, Media & Telecommunications76,522 43,595 26,231 6,314 382 133 — (922)(9)
Industrials70,319 38,179 29,155 2,825 160 225 — (556)(116)
Healthcare59,582 43,323 14,508 1,683 68 129 1 (565)(150)
Banks & Finance Cos56,654 31,829 23,845 937 43 — — (389)(722)
Oil & Gas52,023 25,613 25,486 750 174 36 5 (556)(1)
Automotive36,903 24,793 9,661 2,327 122 19 — (456)— 
Utilities34,717 26,158 7,394 901 264 — 28 (405)(1)
State & Municipal Govt(c)
33,840 33,139 586 102 13 75 — — (12)
Chemicals & Plastics18,676 11,993 6,112 455 116 15 — (127)— 
Insurance18,221 13,646 4,484 91 — — — (25)(3,511)
Metals & Mining17,081 7,977 8,445 458 201 32 — (15)(6)
Transportation16,816 5,754 6,249 4,516 297 55 — (110)— 
Central Govt11,657 11,297 348 — 12 — — (6,694)(98)
Securities Firms7,438 3,629 3,809 — — — (13)(46)(1,535)
Financial Markets Infrastructure5,725 5,314 411 — — — — — — 
All other(d)
115,642 98,992 16,064 217 369 96 2 (6,280)(3,153)
Subtotal$1,140,821 $803,032 $300,895 $33,241 $3,653 $3,235 $30 $(17,955)$(15,166)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value38,560 
Receivables from customers 68,473 
Total(e)
$1,247,854 












56












(continued from previous page)
Selected metrics
30 days or more past due and accruing
loans		Net
charge-offs/
(recoveries)
Credit derivative hedges and credit-related notes(h)
Liquid securities
and other cash collateral held against derivative
receivables
Noninvestment-grade
As of or for the year ended
Credit exposure(f)(g)
Investment- gradeNoncriticizedCriticized performingCriticized nonperforming
December 31, 2021
(in millions)
Real Estate$155,069 $120,174 $29,642 $4,636 $617 $394 $6 $(190)$— 
Individuals and Individual Entities(b)
141,973 122,606 18,797 99 471 1,450 32 — (1)
Consumer & Retail122,789 59,622 53,317 9,445 405 288 2 (357)— 
Asset Managers81,228 68,593 12,630 — 5 8 — — (3,900)
Technology, Media & Telecommunications84,070 49,610 25,540 8,595 325 58 (1)(935)(12)
Industrials66,974 36,953 26,957 2,895 169 428 13 (608)(1)
Healthcare59,014 42,133 15,136 1,686 59 204 (4)(490)(174)
Banks & Finance Cos54,684 29,732 23,809 1,138 5 9 9 (553)(810)
Oil & Gas42,606 20,698 20,222 1,558 128 4 60 (582)— 
Automotive34,573 24,606 9,446 399 122 95 (3)(463)— 
Utilities33,203 25,069 7,011 914 209 11 6 (382)(4)
State & Municipal Govt(c)
33,216 32,522 586 101 7 74 — — (14)
Chemicals & Plastics17,660 11,319 5,817 518 6 7 — (67)— 
Insurance13,926 9,943 3,887 96 — — — (25)(2,366)
Metals & Mining16,696 7,848 8,491 294 63 27 7 (15)(4)
Transportation14,635 6,010 5,983 2,470 172 21 20 (110)(24)
Central Govt11,317 11,067 250 — — — — (7,053)(72)
Securities Firms4,180 2,599 1,578 — 3 — — (47)(217)
Financial Markets Infrastructure4,377 3,987 390 — — — — — — 
All other(d)
111,690 97,537 13,580 205 368 242 (5)(8,313)(2,503)
Subtotal$1,103,880 $782,628 $283,069 $35,049 $3,134 $3,320 $142 $(20,190)$(10,102)
Loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value39,758 

Receivables from customers 59,645 
Total(e)
$1,203,283 
(a)The industry rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2021, are based on the industry rankings of the corresponding exposures at March 31, 2022, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2021.
(b)Individuals and Individual Entities predominantly consists of Global Private Bank clients within AWM and includes exposure to personal investment companies and personal and testamentary trusts.
(c)In addition to the credit risk exposure to states and municipal governments (both U.S. and non-U.S.) noted above, the Firm held: $7.1 billion of trading assets at both March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021; $14.8 billion and $15.9 billion, respectively, of AFS securities; and $14.8 billion and $14.0 billion, respectively, of HTM securities, issued by U.S. state and municipal governments. Refer to Note 2 and Note 9 for further information.
(d)All other includes: SPEs, and Private education and civic organizations, representing approximately 94% and 6% at both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(e)Excludes cash placed with banks of $744.0 billion and $729.6 billion, at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, which is predominantly placed with various central banks, primarily Federal Reserve Banks.
(f)Credit exposure is net of risk participations and excludes the benefit of credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities held against derivative receivables or loans and liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables.
(g)Credit exposure includes held-for-sale and fair value option elected lending-related commitments.
(h)Represents the net notional amounts of protection purchased and sold through credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage the credit exposures; these derivatives do not qualify for hedge accounting under U.S. GAAP. The All other category includes purchased credit protection on certain credit indices.
57

Presented below is additional detail on certain of the Firm’s industry exposures.
Real Estate
Real Estate exposure was $160.4 billion as of March 31, 2022, of which $91.1 billion was multifamily lending as shown in the table below. Criticized exposure decreased by $317 million from $5.3 billion at December 31, 2021 to $4.9 billion at March 31, 2022, driven by client-specific upgrades and net portfolio activity largely offset by client-specific downgrades.
March 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$91,057 $72 $91,129 84 %89 %
Office15,776 70 15,846 76 73 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
14,351 241 14,592 77 50 
Industrial13,363 23 13,386 69 58 
Services and Non Income Producing12,162 21 12,183 63 50 
Retail10,076 56 10,132 64 68 
Lodging3,071 37 3,108 4 30 
Total Real Estate Exposure(c)
$159,856 $520 $160,376 77 %76 %
December 31, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Multifamily(a)
$89,032 $122 $89,154 84 %89 %
Office16,409 234 16,643 75 71 
Other Income Producing Properties(b)
13,018 498 13,516 77 55 
Industrial11,546 66 11,612 75 64 
Services and Non Income Producing11,512 24 11,536 63 50 
Retail9,580 106 9,686 61 69 
Lodging2,859 63 2,922 5 33 
Total Real Estate Exposure
$153,956 $1,113 $155,069 77 %77 %
(a)Multifamily exposure is largely in California.
(b)Other Income Producing Properties consists of clients with diversified property types or other property types outside of categories listed in the table above.
(c)Real Estate exposure is approximately 77% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 73% investment-grade.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percentage of credit exposure.

58

Consumer & Retail
Consumer & Retail exposure was $121.1 billion as of March 31, 2022, and predominantly included Retail, Food and Beverage, and Business and Consumer Services as shown in the table below. Criticized exposure decreased by $2.6 billion from $9.9 billion at December 31, 2021 to $7.3 billion at March 31, 2022, driven by net portfolio activity and client-specific upgrades partially offset by client-specific downgrades.
March 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$33,609 $985 $34,594 49 %33 %
Food and Beverage33,115 789 33,904 56 35 
Business and Consumer Services29,790 325 30,115 48 39 
Consumer Hard Goods14,453 163 14,616 54 37 
Leisure(b)
7,790 32 7,822 18 37 
Total Consumer & Retail(c)
$118,757 $2,294 $121,051 49 %36 %
December 31, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(d)
Retail(a)
$32,872 $1,152 $34,024 50 %31 %
Food and Beverage30,434 957 31,391 59 33 
Business and Consumer Services32,159 347 32,506 46 33 
Consumer Hard Goods17,035 111 17,146 46 30 
Leisure(b)
7,620 102 7,722 17 34 
Total Consumer & Retail
$120,120 $2,669 $122,789 49 %32 %
(a)Retail consists of Home Improvement & Specialty Retailers, Restaurants, Supermarkets, Discount & Drug Stores, Specialty Apparel and Department Stores.
(b)Leisure consists of Gaming, Arts & Culture, Travel Services and Sports & Recreation. As of March 31, 2022 approximately 81% of the noninvestment-grade Leisure portfolio is secured.
(c)Consumer & Retail exposure is approximately 55% secured; unsecured exposure is approximately 75% investment-grade.
(d)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.
Oil & Gas
Oil & Gas exposure was $52.0 billion as of March 31, 2022, including $30.8 billion of Exploration & Production and Oil field Services as shown in the table below. The increase in derivative receivables reflects market movements related to Oil & Gas prices. Criticized exposure decreased by $762 million from $1.7 billion at December 31, 2021 to $924 million at March 31, 2022, predominantly driven by client-specific upgrades.
March 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative ReceivablesCredit exposure% Investment-grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$18,850 $11,900 $30,750 42 %20 %
Other Oil & Gas(a)
19,416 1,857 21,273 59 24 
Total Oil & Gas(b)
$38,266 $13,757 $52,023 49 %22 %
December 31, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)Loans and Lending-related CommitmentsDerivative
Receivables		Credit exposure% Investment-
grade
% Drawn(c)
Exploration & Production ("E&P") and Oil field Services$17,631 $5,452 $23,083 39 %26 %
Other Oil & Gas(a)
18,941 582 19,523 60 26 
Total Oil & Gas$36,572 $6,034 $42,606 49 %26 %
(a)Other Oil & Gas includes Integrated Oil & Gas companies, Midstream/Oil Pipeline companies and refineries.
(b)Oil & Gas exposure is approximately 46% secured, over half of which is reserve-based lending to the Exploration & Production sub-sector; unsecured exposure is approximately 60% investment-grade.
(c)Represents drawn exposure as a percent of credit exposure.

59

Loans
In its wholesale businesses, the Firm provides loans to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients to high-net-worth individuals. Refer to Note 11 for a further discussion on loans, including information about delinquencies, loan modifications and other credit quality indicators.
The following table presents the change in the nonaccrual loan portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Since March 31, 2021, nonaccrual loan exposure decreased $968 million, largely in Oil & Gas and Consumer & Retail, with net portfolio activity and client-specific upgrades being largely offset by client-specific downgrades including Russia and Russia-associated clients.
Wholesale nonaccrual loan activity
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		20222021
Beginning balance
$2,445 $4,106 
Additions
866 847 
Reductions:
Paydowns and other357 819 
Gross charge-offs17 88 
Returned to performing status186 209 
Sales3 121 
Total reductions563 1,237 
Net changes303 (390)
Ending balance$2,748 $3,716 

The following table presents net charge-offs/recoveries, which are defined as gross charge-offs less recoveries, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The amounts in the table below do not include gains or losses from sales of nonaccrual loans recognized in noninterest revenue.
Wholesale net charge-offs/(recoveries)
(in millions, except ratios)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Loans
Average loans retained
$559,395 $515,858 
Gross charge-offs
52 88 
Gross recoveries collected
(22)(35)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)
30 53 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate
0.02 %0.04 %
60

Lending-related commitments
The Firm uses lending-related financial instruments, such as commitments (including revolving credit facilities) and guarantees, to address the financing needs of its clients. The contractual amounts of these financial instruments represent the maximum possible credit risk should the clients draw down on these commitments or when the Firm fulfills its obligations under these guarantees, and the clients subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of these contracts. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn upon or a default occurring. As a result, the Firm does not believe that the total contractual amount of these wholesale lending-related commitments is representative of the Firm’s expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 22 for further information on wholesale lending-related commitments.
Receivables from customers
Receivables from customers reflect held-for-investment margin loans to brokerage clients in CIB, CCB and AWM that are collateralized by assets maintained in the clients’ brokerage accounts (e.g., cash on deposit, and liquid and readily marketable debt or equity securities). Because of this collateralization, no allowance for credit losses is generally held against these receivables. To manage its credit risk the Firm establishes margin requirements and monitors the required margin levels on an ongoing basis, and requires clients to deposit additional cash or other collateral, or to reduce positions, when appropriate. These receivables are reported within accrued interest and accounts receivable on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
Derivative contracts
Derivatives enable clients and counterparties to manage risk including credit risk and risks arising from fluctuations in interest rates, foreign exchange and equities and commodities prices. The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet these needs and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. The Firm also uses derivative instruments to manage its own credit risk and other market risk exposure. The nature of the counterparty and the settlement mechanism of the derivative affect the credit risk to which the Firm is exposed. For OTC derivatives the Firm is exposed to the credit risk of the derivative counterparty. For exchange-traded derivatives (“ETD”), such as futures and options, and cleared over-the-counter (“OTC-cleared”) derivatives, the Firm can also be exposed to the credit risk of the relevant central counterparty clearing house ("CCP"). Where possible, the Firm seeks to mitigate its credit risk exposures arising from derivative contracts through the use of legally enforceable master netting arrangements and collateral agreements.
The percentage of the Firm’s over-the-counter derivative transactions subject to collateral agreements — excluding foreign exchange spot trades, which are not typically covered by collateral agreements due to their short maturity and centrally cleared trades that are settled daily — was approximately 88% at both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of derivative contracts, counterparties and settlement types.
The fair value of derivative receivables reported on the Consolidated balance sheets were $73.6 billion and $57.1 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The increase was largely commodities, predominantly oil and gas, as a result of market movements. Derivative receivables represent the fair value of the derivative contracts after giving effect to legally enforceable master netting agreements and the related cash collateral held by the Firm.
In addition, the Firm held liquid securities and other cash collateral that may be used as security when the fair value of the client’s exposure is in the Firm’s favor. For these purposes, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule.
In management’s view, the appropriate measure of current credit risk should also take into consideration other collateral, which generally represents securities that do not qualify as high quality liquid assets under the LCR rule.
The benefits of these additional collateral amounts for each counterparty are subject to a legally enforceable master netting agreement and limited to the net amount of the derivative receivables for each counterparty.
The Firm also holds additional collateral (primarily cash, G7 government securities, other liquid government agency and guaranteed securities, and corporate debt and equity securities) delivered by clients at the initiation of transactions, as well as collateral related to contracts that have a non-daily call frequency and collateral that the Firm has agreed to return but has not yet settled as of the reporting date. Although this collateral does not reduce the balances and is not included in the tables below, it is available as security against potential exposure that could arise should the fair value of the client’s derivative contracts move in the Firm’s favor. Refer to Note 4 for additional information on the Firm’s use of collateral agreements.

61

The following tables summarize the net derivative receivables and the internal ratings profile for the periods presented.
Derivative receivables
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Total, net of cash collateral$73,636 $57,081 
Liquid securities and other cash collateral held against derivative receivables(15,166)(10,102)
Total, net of liquid securities and other cash collateral$58,470 $46,979 
Other collateral held against derivative receivables(1,616)(1,544)
Total, net of collateral$56,854 $45,435 
Ratings profile of derivative receivables

March 31, 2022December 31, 2021

(in millions, except ratios)
Exposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateralExposure net of collateral% of exposure net of collateral
Investment-grade$37,272 66 %$30,278 67 %
Noninvestment-grade19,582 34 15,157 (a)33 
Total$56,854 100 %$45,435 100 %
Credit portfolio management activities
The Firm uses credit derivatives for two primary purposes: first, in its capacity as a market-maker, and second, as an end-user, to manage the Firm’s own credit risk associated with traditional lending activities (loans and lending-related commitments) and derivatives counterparty exposure in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. In addition, the Firm obtains credit protection against certain loans in the retained wholesale portfolio through the issuance of credit-related notes. Information on credit portfolio management activities is provided in the table below.
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities
Notional amount of protection
purchased and sold(a)
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used to manage:
Loans and lending-related commitments
$3,740 $4,138 
Derivative receivables14,215 16,052 
Credit derivatives and credit-related notes used in credit portfolio management activities$17,955 $20,190 
(a)Amounts are presented net, considering the Firm’s net protection purchased or sold with respect to each underlying reference entity or index.
Refer to Credit derivatives in Note 4 of this Form 10-Q and Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on credit derivatives and derivatives used in credit portfolio management activities.
62

ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. The allowance for credit losses comprises:
•the allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated) and is presented separately on the Consolidated balance sheets,
•the allowance for lending-related commitments, which is presented on the Consolidated balance sheets in accounts payable and other liabilities, and
•the allowance for credit losses on investment securities, which is reflected in investment securities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
Discussion of changes in the allowance
The allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022 was $19.6 billion, an increase from $18.7 billion at December 31, 2021, consisting of: $776 million in wholesale, across the LOBs, and $127 million in consumer, driven by the residential real estate portfolio.
The change in the allowance largely reflects an increased weight placed on the adverse scenarios, from the more balanced weighting placed on the adverse and upside scenarios at December 31, 2021, due to the potential effects associated with higher inflation, changes in monetary policy, as well as geopolitical risks, including the war in Ukraine. The increase in the allowance also included client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades in CIB and AWM.
The Firm's allowance for credit losses is estimated using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions provided in the table below, resulting in weighted average U.S. unemployment rates above 4% through the second quarter of 2023 and year over year growth in U.S. real GDP of 2.5% in the second quarter of 2023.
The Firm’s central case assumptions reflected U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. real GDP as follows:
Assumptions at March 31, 2022
2Q224Q222Q23
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
3.6 %3.3 %3.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
3.7 %2.9 %2.6 %
Assumptions at December 31, 2021
2Q224Q222Q23
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.2 %4.0 %3.9 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
3.1 %2.8 %2.1 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
(b)As of March 31, 2022, the year over year growth in U.S. real GDP in the forecast horizon of the central scenario is calculated as the percent change in U.S. real GDP levels from the prior year.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowances for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 75-77 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.
Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53, Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 54-62 and Note 11 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.


63

Allowance for credit losses and related information
20222021
Three months ended March 31,Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
(in millions, except ratios)
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$1,765 $10,250 $4,371 $16,386 $3,636 $17,800 $6,892 $28,328 
Gross charge-offs204 720 52 976 166 1,214 88 1,468 
Gross recoveries collected(158)(214)(22)(394)(145)(231)(35)(411)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)46 506 30 582 21 983 53 1,057 
Provision for loan losses175 506 687 1,368 (932)(2,517)(830)(4,279)
Other— 20 20 (1)— 10 9 
Ending balance at March 31,$1,894 $10,250 $5,048 $17,192 $2,682 $14,300 $6,019 $23,001 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,$113 $— $2,148 $2,261 $187 $— $2,222 $2,409 
Provision for lending-related commitments(2)— 98 96 (52)— 159 107 
Other— — 1 1 — — — — 
Ending balance at March 31,$111 $— $2,247 $2,358 $135 $— $2,381 $2,516 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific(a)
$(644)$262 $485 $103 $(348)$522 $529 $703 
Portfolio-based2,538 9,988 4,563 17,089 3,030 13,778 5,490 22,298 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,894 $10,250 $5,048 $17,192 $2,682 $14,300 $6,019 $23,001 
Impairment methodology
Asset-specific$— $— $139 $139 $— $— $144 $144 
Portfolio-based111 — 2,108 2,219 135 — 2,237 2,372 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments
$111 $— $2,247 $2,358 $135 $— $2,381 $2,516 
Total allowance for investment securitiesNANANA$41 NANANA$94 
Total allowance for credit losses$2,005 $10,250 $7,295 $19,591 $2,817 $14,300 $8,400 $25,611 
Memo:
Retained loans, end of period
$296,161 $152,283 $569,953 $1,018,397 $302,392 $131,772 $514,478 $948,642 
Retained loans, average
295,460 149,398 559,395 1,004,253 302,055 134,155 515,858 952,068 
Credit ratios
Allowance for loan losses to retained loans
0.64 %6.73 %0.89 %1.69 %0.89 %10.85 %1.17 %2.42 %
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans(b)
42 NM221 254 50 NM200 274 
Allowance for loan losses to retained nonaccrual loans excluding credit card
42 NM221 102 50 NM200 104 
Net charge-off/(recovery) rates0.06 1.37 0.02 0.24 0.03 2.97 0.04 0.45 
(a)Includes collateral dependent loans, including those considered TDRs and those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, modified PCD loans, and non-collateral dependent loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR. Also includes risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment. The asset-specific allowance for credit card loans modified, or reasonably expected to be modified, in a TDR is calculated based on the loans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(b)The Firm’s policy is generally to exempt credit card loans from being placed on nonaccrual status as permitted by regulatory guidance.





















64

Allocation of allowance for loan losses
The table below presents a breakdown of the allowance for loan losses by loan class. Refer to Note 11 for further information on loan classes.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021

(in millions, except ratios)		Allowance for loan lossesPercent of retained loans to total retained loansAllowance for loan lossesPercent of retained loans to total retained loans
Residential real estate$944 22 %$817 22 %
Auto and other950 7 948 7 
Consumer, excluding credit card1,894 29 1,765 29 
Credit card10,250 15 10,250 15 
Total consumer12,144 44 12,015 45 
Secured by real estate1,494 12 1,495 12 
Commercial and industrial2,369 15 1,881 14 
Other1,185 29 995 29 
Total wholesale5,048 56 4,371 55 
Total$17,192 100 %$16,386 100 %







65

INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO RISK MANAGEMENT
Investment portfolio risk is the risk associated with the loss of principal or a reduction in expected returns on investments arising from the investment securities portfolio or from principal investments. The investment securities portfolio is predominantly held by Treasury and CIO in connection with the Firm’s balance sheet and asset-liability management objectives. Principal investments are predominantly privately-held financial instruments and are managed in the LOBs and Corporate. Investments are typically intended to be held over extended periods and, accordingly, the Firm has no expectation for short-term realized gains with respect to these investments.
Investment securities risk
Investment securities risk includes the exposure associated with a default in the payment of principal and interest. This risk is mitigated given that the investment securities portfolio held by Treasury and CIO predominantly consists of high-quality securities. At March 31, 2022, the Treasury and CIO investment securities portfolio, net of allowance for credit losses, was $677.5 billion, and the average credit rating of the securities comprising the portfolio was AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings). Refer to Corporate segment results on pages 32-33 and Note 9 for further information on the investment securities portfolio and internal risk ratings. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 67-71 for further information on the market risk inherent in the portfolio. Refer to Liquidity Risk Management on pages 41-45 for further information on related liquidity risk.
Principal investment risk
Principal investments are typically privately-held financial instruments representing ownership interests or other forms of junior capital. In general, principal investments include tax-oriented investments and investments made to enhance or accelerate the Firm’s business strategies and exclude those that are consolidated on the Firm's balance sheets. These investments are made by dedicated investing businesses or as part of a broader business strategy. The Firm’s principal investments are managed by the LOBs and Corporate and are reflected within their respective financial results. The Firm’s investments will continue to evolve in line with its strategies, including the Firm’s commitment to support underserved communities and minority-owned businesses.
The table below presents the aggregate carrying values of the principal investment portfolios as March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Tax-oriented investments, primarily in alternative energy and affordable housing$23.2 $23.2 
Private equity, various debt and equity instruments, and real assets9.6 
(a)
7.3 
Total carrying value$32.8 $30.5 
(a)Includes the Firm's 40% ownership stake in C6 Bank.
Refer to page 132 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Investment Portfolio Risk Management governance and oversight.
66

MARKET RISK MANAGEMENT
Market risk is the risk associated with the effect of changes in market factors such as interest and foreign exchange rates, equity and commodity prices, credit spreads or implied volatilities, on the value of assets and liabilities held for both the short and long term. Refer to Market Risk Management on pages 133-140 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Market Risk Management organization, market risk measurement, risk monitoring and control, and predominant business activities that give rise to market risk.
Models used to measure market risk are inherently imprecise and are limited in their ability to measure certain risks or to predict losses. This imprecision may be heightened when sudden or severe shifts in market conditions occur. For additional discussion on model uncertainty refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 149 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K.
Market Risk Management periodically reviews the Firm’s existing market risk measures to identify opportunities for enhancement, and to the extent appropriate, will calibrate those measures accordingly over time.
Value-at-risk
JPMorgan Chase utilizes value-at-risk (“VaR”), a statistical risk measure, to estimate the potential loss from adverse market moves in the current market environment. The Firm has a single VaR framework used as a basis for calculating Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR.
The Firm’s Risk Management VaR is calculated assuming a one-day holding period and an expected tail-loss methodology which approximates a 95% confidence level. For risk management purposes, the Firm believes this methodology provides a daily measure of risk that is closely aligned to risk management decisions made by the LOBs and Corporate and, along with other market risk measures, provides the appropriate information needed to respond to risk events. The Firm calculates separately a daily aggregated VaR in accordance with regulatory rules (“Regulatory VaR”), which is used to derive the Firm’s regulatory VaR-based capital requirements under Basel III.
The Firm’s VaR model calculations are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s portfolios, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s modeling techniques and measurements, and other factors. Such changes may affect historical comparisons of VaR results. Refer to Estimations and Model Risk Management on page 149 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for information regarding model reviews and approvals.
Refer to page 135 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information regarding VaR, including the inherent limitations, and the key differences between Risk Management VaR and Regulatory VaR. Refer to JPMorgan Chase’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are available on the Firm’s website, for additional information on Regulatory VaR and the other components of market risk regulatory capital for the Firm (e.g., VaR-based measure, stressed VaR-based measure and the respective backtesting). Refer to Other risk measures on pages 138-140 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information regarding nonstatistical market risk measures used by the Firm.

67

The table below shows the results of the Firm’s Risk Management VaR measure using a 95% confidence level. VaR can vary significantly as positions change, market volatility fluctuates, and diversification benefits change.
Total VaR
Three months ended
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2021
(in millions) Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax Avg.MinMax
CIB trading VaR by risk type
Fixed income$47 $33 $64 $39 $32 $53 $125 $34 $153 
Foreign exchange4 3 7 4 2 6 11 5 27 
Equities12 9 18 12 9 20 22 19 38 
Commodities and other
15 10 23 12 10 13 33 22 43 
Diversification benefit to CIB trading VaR
(33)
(a)
 NM
(d)
 NM
(d)
(31)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
(90)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
CIB trading VaR45 34 

59 

36 30 52 101 40 134 
Credit portfolio VaR29 
(b)(c)
4 
(b)
235 
(b)(c)
5 4 5 8 5 12 
Diversification benefit to CIB VaR
(10)
(a)
 NM
(d)
 NM
(d)
(4)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
(10)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
CIB VaR
64 35 

240 

37 30 54 99 39 133 
CCB VaR
4 2 5 5 3 7 6 4 11 
Corporate and other LOB VaR
13 10 

16 15 14 16 45 
(e)
20 94 
(e)
Diversification benefit to other VaR
(4)
(a)
 NM
(d)
 NM
(d)
(4)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
(6)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
Other VaR13 10 

17 

16 14 18 45 21 94 
Diversification benefit to CIB and other VaR
(14)
(a)
 NM
(d)
 NM
(d)
(16)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
(38)
(a)
NM
(d)
NM
(d)
Total VaR$63 $34 

$242 

$37 $30 $54 $106 $40 $153 
(a)Diversification benefit represents the difference between the portfolio VaR and the sum of its individual components. This reflects the non-additive nature of VaR due to imperfect correlation across LOBs, Corporate, and risk types.
(b)In line with the Firm's internal model governance, the credit risk component of CVA related to certain counterparties was removed from Credit Portfolio VaR due to the widening of the credit spreads for those counterparties to elevated levels. The related hedges were also removed to maintain consistency. This exposure is now reflected in other sensitivity-based measures.
(c)During the period ended March 31, 2022, the effects of nickel price increases and the associated volatility in the nickel market resulted in elevated Average and Maximum Credit portfolio VaR.
(d)The maximum and minimum VaR for each portfolio may have occurred on different trading days than the components and consequently diversification benefit is not meaningful.
(e)Average and Maximum Corporate and other LOB VaR were driven by a private equity position that became publicly traded at the end of the third quarter of 2020. As of March 31, 2021 the Firm no longer held this position.
Quarter over quarter results
Average total VaR increased by $26 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 when compared with December 31, 2021. This increase was driven by Credit portfolio VaR, predominantly due to the effects of nickel price increases and the associated volatility in the nickel market, as well as increased volatility in fixed income and commodities impacting CIB trading VaR.
Year over year results
Average total VaR was $63 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, reflecting the effects of nickel price increases and the associated volatility in the nickel market impacting Credit portfolio VaR, as well as increased volatility in fixed income and commodities impacting CIB trading VaR. Average total VaR decreased by $43 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022, compared with the same period in the prior year. This decrease was driven by volatility which occurred at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic rolling out of the one-year historical look-back period in the first half of 2021, predominantly impacting exposures in fixed income and commodities.
The following graph presents daily Risk Management VaR for the five trailing quarters. The movement in VaR in March 2022 was driven by changes in nickel-related counterparty exposure in the Firm's Credit portfolio.
Daily Risk Management VaR
https://cdn.kscope.io/55540db5df1650115a029a0d86e07400-jpm-20220331_g2.jpg
First Quarter
2021		Second Quarter
2021		Third Quarter
2021		Fourth Quarter
2021		First Quarter
2022
68

VaR backtesting
The Firm performs daily VaR model backtesting, which compares the daily Risk Management VaR results with the daily gains and losses that are utilized for VaR backtesting purposes. The gains and losses depicted in the chart below do not reflect the Firm’s reported revenue as they exclude select components of total net revenue, such as those associated with the execution of new transactions (i.e., intraday client-driven trading and intraday risk management activities), fees, commissions, certain valuation adjustments and net interest income. These excluded components of total net revenue may more than offset the backtesting gain or loss on a particular day. The definition of backtesting gains and losses above is consistent with the requirements for backtesting under Basel III capital rules.
A backtesting exception occurs when the daily backtesting loss exceeds the daily Risk Management VaR for the prior day. Under the Firm’s Risk Management VaR methodology, assuming current changes in market values are consistent with the historical changes used in the simulation, the Firm would expect to incur VaR backtesting exceptions on average five times every 100 trading days. The number of VaR backtesting exceptions observed can differ from the statistically expected number of backtesting exceptions if the current level of market volatility is materially different from the level of market volatility during the 12 months of historical data used in the VaR calculation.
For the 12 months ended March 31, 2022, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 141 of the 261 days, and observed 23 VaR backtesting exceptions. For the three months ended March 31, 2022, the Firm posted backtesting gains on 43 of the 64 days, and observed three VaR backtesting exceptions.
The following chart presents the distribution of Firmwide daily backtesting gains and losses for the trailing 12 months and three months ended March 31, 2022. The daily backtesting losses are displayed as a percentage of the corresponding daily Risk Management VaR. The count of days with backtesting losses are shown in aggregate, in fifty percentage point intervals. Backtesting exceptions are displayed within the intervals that are greater than one hundred percent. The results in the chart below differ from the results of backtesting disclosed in the Market Risk section of the Firm’s Basel III Pillar 3 Regulatory Capital Disclosures reports, which are based on Regulatory VaR applied to the Firm’s covered positions.
Distribution of Daily Backtesting Gains and Losses
https://cdn.kscope.io/55540db5df1650115a029a0d86e07400-jpm-20220331_g3.jpg



69

Earnings-at-risk
The effect of interest rate exposure on the Firm’s reported net income is important as interest rate risk represents one of the Firm’s significant market risks. Interest rate risk arises not only from trading activities but also from the Firm’s traditional banking activities, which include extension of loans and credit facilities, taking deposits, issuing debt and the investment securities portfolio. Refer to the table on page 134 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a summary by LOB and Corporate, identifying positions included in earnings-at-risk.
One way the Firm evaluates its structural interest rate risk is through earnings-at-risk. Earnings-at-risk estimates the Firm’s interest rate exposure for a given interest rate scenario. It is presented as a sensitivity to a baseline, which includes net interest income and certain interest rate sensitive fees. The baseline uses market interest rates and in the case of deposits, pricing assumptions. The Firm conducts simulations of changes to this baseline for interest rate-sensitive assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and other currencies (“non-U.S. dollar” currencies). These simulations primarily include retained loans, deposits, deposits with banks, investment securities, long-term debt and any related interest rate hedges, and funds transfer pricing of other positions in risk management VaR and other sensitivity-based measures as described on page 134 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K.
Earnings-at-risk scenarios estimate the potential change to a net interest income baseline, over the following 12 months utilizing multiple assumptions. These scenarios include a parallel shift involving changes to both short-term and long-term rates by an equal amount; a steeper yield curve involving holding short-term rates constant and increasing long-term rates; and a flatter yield curve involving increasing short-term rates and holding long-term rates constant or holding short-term rates constant and decreasing long-term rates. These scenarios consider many different factors, including:
•The impact on exposures as a result of instantaneous changes in interest rates from baseline rates.
•Forecasted balance sheet, as well as modeled prepayment and reinvestment behavior, but excluding assumptions about actions that could be taken by the Firm or its clients and customers in response to any such instantaneous rate changes. Mortgage prepayment assumptions are based on the interest rates used in the scenarios compared with underlying contractual rates, the time since origination, and other factors which are updated periodically based on historical experience. Deposit forecasts used in the baseline and scenarios include certain assumptions relating to the reversal of Quantitative Easing.
•The pricing sensitivity of deposits, known as deposit betas, represent the amount by which deposit rates paid could change upon a given change in market interest rates. The deposit rates paid in these scenarios differ from actual deposit rates paid, due to repricing lags and other factors.
The Firm’s earnings-at-risk scenarios are periodically evaluated and enhanced in response to changes in the composition of the Firm’s balance sheet, changes in market conditions, improvements in the Firm’s simulation and other factors. While a relevant measure of the Firm’s interest rate exposure, the earnings-at-risk analysis does not represent a forecast of the Firm’s net interest income (Refer to Outlook on page 7 for additional information).
The Firm’s U.S. dollar sensitivities are presented in the table below.
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Parallel shift:
+100 bps shift in rates$0.9 $5.0 
Steeper yield curve:
+100 bps shift in long-term rates1.4 1.8 
Flatter yield curve:
+100 bps shift in short-term rates(0.5)3.2 
-100 bps shift in long-term rates(1.7)NM
(a)
(a)Given the level of market interest rates, this scenario is not considered to be meaningful.
The change in the Firm’s U.S. dollar sensitivities as of March 31, 2022 compared to December 31, 2021 reflected updates to the Firm’s baseline for higher rates as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s balance sheet.
As of March 31, 2022, the Firm’s sensitivity to the parallel and long-term shift in rates is primarily the result of a greater impact from assets repricing compared to the impact of liabilities repricing, while the shift in short-term rates is primarily the result of a greater impact from liabilities repricing compared to the impact of assets repricing.
The Firm’s non-U.S. dollar sensitivities are presented in the table below.
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Parallel shift:
+100 bps shift in rates$0.9 $0.8 
Flatter yield curve:
+100 bps shift in short-term rates0.9 0.8 
The results of the non-U.S. dollar interest rate scenario involving a steeper yield curve with long-term rates rising by 100 basis points and short-term rates staying at current levels were not material to the Firm’s earnings-at-risk at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
70

Other sensitivity-based measures
The Firm quantifies the market risk of certain debt and equity and credit and funding-related exposures by assessing the potential impact on net revenue, other comprehensive income (“OCI”) and noninterest expense due to changes in relevant market variables. Refer to the predominant business activities that give rise to market risk on page 140 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the positions captured in other sensitivity-based measures.
The table below represents the potential impact to net revenue, OCI or noninterest expense for market risk-sensitive instruments that are not included in VaR or earnings-at-risk. Where appropriate, instruments used for hedging purposes are reported net of the positions being hedged. The sensitivities disclosed in the table below may not be representative of the actual gain or loss that would have been realized at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, as the movement in market parameters across maturities may vary and are not intended to imply management’s expectation of future changes in these sensitivities.
Gain/(loss) (in millions)
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
ActivityDescriptionSensitivity measure
Debt and equity(a)
Asset Management activities
Consists of seed capital and related hedges; fund co-investments(c); and certain deferred compensation and related hedges(d)
10% decline in market value$(60)$(69)
Other debt and equity
Consists of certain real estate-related fair value option elected loans, privately held equity and other investments held at fair value(c)
10% decline in market value(1,014)(971)
Credit- and funding-related exposures
Non-USD LTD cross-currency basis
Represents the basis risk on derivatives used to hedge the foreign exchange risk on the non-USD LTD(e)
1 basis point parallel tightening of cross currency basis(16)(16)
Non-USD LTD hedges foreign currency (“FX”) exposure
Primarily represents the foreign exchange revaluation on the fair value of the derivative hedges(e)
10% depreciation of currency3 15 
Derivatives – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to derivatives FVA(c)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread(6)(7)
CVA - counterparty credit risk(b)
Credit risk component of CVA and associated hedges
10% credit spread widening(8)N/A
Fair value option elected liabilities – funding spread risk
Impact of changes in the spread related to fair value option elected liabilities DVA(e)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread44 41 
Fair value option elected liabilities – interest rate sensitivity
Interest rate sensitivity on fair value option elected liabilities resulting from a change in the Firm’s own credit spread(e)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread— (3)
Interest rate sensitivity related to risk management of changes in the Firm’s own credit spread on the fair value option elected liabilities noted above(c)
1 basis point parallel increase in spread— 3 
(a)Excludes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that are measured under the measurement alternative. Refer to Note 2 for additional information.
(b)In line with the Firm's internal model governance, the credit risk component of CVA related to certain counterparties was removed from Credit Portfolio VaR due to the widening of the credit spreads for those counterparties to elevated levels. The related hedges were also removed to maintain consistency. This exposure is now reflected in other sensitivity-based measures.
(c)Impact recognized through net revenue.
(d)Impact recognized through noninterest expense.
(e)Impact recognized through OCI.
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COUNTRY RISK MANAGEMENT
The Firm, through its LOBs and Corporate, may be exposed to country risk resulting from financial, economic, political or other significant developments which adversely affect the value of the Firm’s exposures related to a particular country or set of countries. The Country Risk Management group actively monitors the various portfolios which may be impacted by these developments and measures the extent to which the Firm’s exposures are diversified given the Firm’s strategy and risk tolerance relative to a country.
Refer to pages 141-142 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s country risk management.
Sources and measurement
The Firm is exposed to country risk through its lending and deposits, investing, and market-making activities, whether cross-border or locally funded. Country exposure includes activity with both government and private-sector entities in a country.
Under the Firm’s internal country risk management approach, attribution of exposure to an individual country is based on the country where the largest proportion of the assets of the counterparty, issuer, obligor or guarantor are located or where the largest proportion of its revenue is derived, which may be different than the domicile (i.e. legal residence) or country of incorporation.
Individual country exposures reflect an aggregation of the Firm’s risk to an immediate default, with zero recovery, of the counterparties, issuers, obligors or guarantors attributed to that country. Activities which result in contingent or indirect exposure to a country are not included in the country exposure measure (for example, providing clearing services or secondary exposure to collateral on securities financing receivables).
Assumptions are sometimes required in determining the measurement and allocation of country exposure, particularly in the case of certain non-linear or index products, or where the nature of the counterparty, issuer, obligor or guarantor is not suitable for attribution to an individual country. The use of different measurement approaches or assumptions could affect the amount of reported country exposure.

Under the Firm’s internal country risk measurement framework:
•Lending exposures are measured at the total committed amount (funded and unfunded), net of the allowance for credit losses and eligible cash and marketable securities collateral received
•Deposits are measured as the cash balances placed with central and commercial banks
•Securities financing exposures are measured at their receivable balance, net of eligible collateral received
•Debt and equity securities are measured at the fair value of all positions, including both long and short positions
•Counterparty exposure on derivative receivables is measured at the derivative’s fair value, net of the fair value of the eligible collateral received
•Credit derivatives exposure is measured at the net notional amount of protection purchased or sold for the same underlying reference entity, inclusive of the fair value of the derivative receivable or payable; reflecting the manner in which the Firm manages these exposures
The Firm’s internal country risk reporting differs from the reporting provided under the FFIEC bank regulatory requirements.






















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Risk Reporting
The following table presents the Firm’s top 20 exposures by country (excluding the U.S.) as of March 31, 2022 and their comparative exposures as of December 31, 2021. The selection of countries represents the Firm’s largest total exposures by individual country, based on the Firm’s internal country risk management approach, and does not represent the Firm’s view of any existing or potentially adverse credit conditions. Country exposures may fluctuate from period to period due to client activity and market flows.
The increase in exposure to Germany and the decrease in exposure to the U.K. were primarily due to changes in cash placements with the central banks of those countries driven by balance sheet and liquidity management activities.
As of March 31, 2022, exposure to Russia, based on the Firm's internal country risk measurement framework, was approximately $650 million. This largely reflects cross-border lending activity, net of the allowance for credit losses, to Russian corporate clients.

Top 20 country exposures (excluding the U.S.)(a)

(in billions)		March 31, 2022
December 31, 2021(e)
Lending and deposits(b)
Trading and investing(c)
Other(d)
Total exposureTotal exposure
Germany$95.5 $6.6 $0.5 $102.6 $61.7 
United Kingdom59.4 11.1 3.3 73.8 96.4 
Japan31.0 11.5 0.3 42.8 45.5 
Australia28.2 10.4 — 38.6 39.1 
Switzerland15.5 1.3 5.1 21.9 20.9 
China10.6 7.6 1.4 19.6 18.6 
France12.7 1.3 4.1 18.1 14.0 
Canada12.8 3.2 0.3 16.3 16.9 
Brazil5.3 8.2 — 13.5 12.0 
Singapore7.0 4.2 1.6 12.8 12.3 
Luxembourg11.5 1.3 — 12.8 11.5 
India5.9 4.3 1.3 11.5 14.7 
Spain10.0 0.1 — 10.1 10.1 
Netherlands7.6 0.9 0.9 9.4 6.8 
Saudi Arabia6.8 2.5 — 9.3 9.1 
South Korea4.7 3.0 0.3 8.0 8.7 
Hong Kong SAR4.7 2.1 0.6 7.4 5.9 
Belgium5.8 1.4 — 7.2 6.8 
Chile5.0 0.2 — 5.2 1.5 
Mexico4.4 0.1 — 4.5 4.9 
(a)Country exposures presented in the table reflect 89% and 87% of total Firmwide non-U.S. exposure, where exposure is attributed to an individual country, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(b)Lending and deposits includes loans and accrued interest receivable, lending-related commitments (net of eligible collateral and the allowance for credit losses), deposits with banks (including central banks), acceptances, other monetary assets, and issued letters of credit net of risk participations. Excludes intra-day and operating exposures, such as those from settlement and clearing activities.
(c)Includes market-making inventory, investment securities, and counterparty exposure on derivative and securities financings net of eligible collateral and hedging. Includes exposure from single reference entity (“single-name”), index and other multiple reference entity transactions for which one or more of the underlying reference entities is in a country listed in the above table.
(d)Predominantly includes physical commodity inventory.
(e)The country rankings presented in the table as of December 31, 2021, are based on the country rankings of the corresponding exposures at March 31, 2022, not actual rankings of such exposures at December 31, 2021.
73

OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT
Operational risk is the risk of an adverse outcome resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, human factors, or external events impacting the Firm’s processes or systems. Operational Risk includes compliance, conduct, legal, and estimations and model risk. Operational risk is inherent in the Firm’s activities and can manifest itself in various ways, including fraudulent acts, business disruptions (including those caused by extraordinary events beyond the Firm's control), cyberattacks, inappropriate employee behavior, failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations or failure of vendors or other third party providers to perform in accordance with their agreements. Operational Risk Management attempts to manage operational risk at appropriate levels in light of the Firm’s financial position, the characteristics of its businesses, and the markets and regulatory environments in which it operates. Refer to Operational Risk Management on pages 143-149 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s Operational Risk Management. Details on other select examples of operational risks are provided below.
In response to the war in Ukraine, numerous sanctions have been imposed on Russia and Russia-associated entities and individuals by various governments around the world, including the authorities in the U.S., the U.K. and the EU. These sanctions are complex and evolving at a rapid pace in response to the war. The Firm faces increased operational risk associated with interpreting and maintaining these complex compliance programs. To manage this increased risk, the Firm has implemented additional controls reasonably designed to mitigate the risk of non-compliance and to prevent dealing with sanctioned persons or in property subject to sanctions, as well as to block or restrict payments as required by the applicable regulations.
Business and technology resiliency risk
Disruptions can occur due to forces beyond the Firm’s control such as the spread of infectious diseases or pandemics, severe weather, power or telecommunications loss, failure of a third party to provide expected services, cyberattacks and terrorism. The Firmwide Business Resiliency Program is designed to enable the Firm to prepare for, adapt to, withstand and recover from business disruptions including occurrence of an extraordinary event beyond its control that may impact critical business functions and supporting assets (i.e., staff, technology, facilities and third parties). The program includes governance, awareness training, planning and testing of recovery strategies, as well as strategic and tactical initiatives to identify, assess, and manage business interruption and public safety risks.
Cybersecurity Risk
The Firm faces increased risk of cyber attacks due to potential retaliation for the sanctions imposed as a result of the war in Ukraine. The Firm has implemented additional precautionary measures and controls reasonably designed to address this increased risk, such as enhanced threat monitoring. There can be no assurance that the measures taken by the Firm to protect against cybersecurity breaches will provide absolute security against cyber attacks.

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES USED BY THE FIRM
JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies and use of estimates are integral to understanding its reported results. The Firm’s most complex accounting estimates require management’s judgment to ascertain the appropriate carrying value of assets and liabilities. The Firm has established policies and control procedures intended to ensure that estimation methods, including any judgments made as part of such methods, are well-controlled, independently reviewed and applied consistently from period to period. The methods used and judgments made reflect, among other factors, the nature of the assets or liabilities and the related business and risk management strategies, which may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios. In addition, the policies and procedures are intended to ensure that the process for changing methodologies occurs in an appropriate manner. The Firm believes its estimates for determining the carrying value of its assets and liabilities are appropriate. The following is a brief description of the Firm’s critical accounting estimates involving significant judgments.
Allowance for credit losses
The Firm’s allowance for credit losses represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm’s financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. The allowance for credit losses comprises:
•The allowance for loan losses, which covers the Firm’s retained loan portfolios (scored and risk-rated),
•The allowance for lending-related commitments, and
•The allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
The allowance for credit losses involves significant judgment on a number of matters including development and weighting of macroeconomic forecasts, incorporation of historical loss experience, assessment of risk characteristics, assignment of risk ratings, valuation of collateral, and the determination of remaining expected life. Refer to Note 10 and Note 13 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on these judgments as well as the Firm’s policies and methodologies used to determine the Firm’s allowance for credit losses; and refer to Allowance for credit losses on pages 63-65 and Note 12 of this Form 10-Q for further information.
One of the most significant judgments involved in estimating the Firm’s allowance for credit losses relates to the macroeconomic forecasts used to estimate credit losses over the eight-quarter forecast period within the Firm’s methodology. The eight-quarter forecast incorporates hundreds of MEVs that are relevant for exposures across the Firm, with modeled credit losses being driven primarily by a subset of less than twenty variables. The specific variables that have the greatest effect on the modeled losses of each portfolio vary by portfolio and geography.
•Key MEVs for the consumer portfolio include U.S. unemployment, HPI and U.S. real GDP.
•Key MEVs for the wholesale portfolio include U.S. real GDP, U.S. unemployment, U.S. equity prices, corporate credit spreads, oil prices, commercial real estate prices and HPI.
Changes in the Firm’s assumptions and forecasts of economic conditions could significantly affect its estimate of expected credit losses in the portfolio at the balance sheet date or lead to significant changes in the estimate from one reporting period to the next.
It is difficult to estimate how potential changes in any one factor or input might affect the overall allowance for credit losses because management considers a wide variety of factors and inputs in estimating the allowance for credit losses. Changes in the factors and inputs considered may not occur at the same rate and may not be consistent across all geographies or product types, and changes in factors and inputs may be directionally inconsistent, such that improvement in one factor or input may offset deterioration in others.
To consider the impact of a hypothetical alternate macroeconomic forecast, the Firm compared the modeled credit losses determined using its central and relative adverse macroeconomic scenarios, which are two of the five scenarios considered in estimating the allowances for loan losses and lending-related commitments. The central and relative adverse scenarios each included a full suite of MEVs, but differed in the levels, paths and peaks/troughs of those variables over the eight-quarter forecast period.
For example, compared to the Firm’s central scenario shown on page 63 and in Note 12, the Firm’s relative adverse scenario assumes a significantly elevated U.S. unemployment rate, averaging approximately 2.5% higher
over the eight-quarter forecast, with a peak difference of
approximately 4.5% in the fourth quarter of 2022; lower
U.S. real GDP with a slower recovery, remaining nearly
3.1% lower at the end of the eight-quarter forecast, with a
peak difference of approximately 7.0% in the fourth
quarter of 2022; and lower national HPI with a peak
difference of 20.0% in the fourth quarter of 2023.
This analysis is not intended to estimate expected future changes in the allowance for credit losses, for a number of reasons, including:
•The Firm increased the weight placed on the adverse scenarios in estimating the allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022, and accordingly, the existing allowance reflects credit losses beyond those estimated under the central scenario.
•The impacts of changes in many MEVs are both interrelated and nonlinear, so the results of this analysis cannot be simply extrapolated for more severe changes in macroeconomic variables.
75

•Expectations of future changes in portfolio composition and borrower behavior can significantly affect the allowance for credit losses.
To demonstrate the sensitivity of credit loss estimates to macroeconomic forecasts as of March 31, 2022, the Firm compared the modeled estimates under its relative adverse scenario to its central scenario. Without considering offsetting or correlated effects in other qualitative components of the Firm’s allowance for credit losses, the comparison between these two scenarios for the lending exposures below reflect the following differences:
•An increase of approximately $600 million for residential real estate loans and lending-related commitments
•An increase of approximately $2.4 billion for credit card loans
•An increase of approximately $2.8 billion for wholesale loans and lending-related commitments
This analysis relates only to the modeled credit loss estimates and is not intended to estimate changes in the overall allowance for credit losses as it does not reflect any potential changes in other adjustments to the quantitative calculation, which would also be influenced by the judgment management applies to the modeled lifetime loss estimates to reflect the uncertainty and imprecision of these modeled lifetime loss estimates based on then-current circumstances and conditions.
Recognizing that forecasts of macroeconomic conditions are inherently uncertain, particularly in light of the recent economic conditions, the Firm believes that its process to consider the available information and associated risks and uncertainties is appropriately governed and that its estimates of expected credit losses were reasonable and appropriate for the period ended March 31, 2022.
Fair value
JPMorgan Chase carries a portion of its assets and liabilities at fair value. The majority of such assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a recurring basis, including, derivatives, structured note products and certain securities financing agreements. Certain assets and liabilities are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, including certain mortgage, home equity and other loans, where the carrying value is based on the fair value of the underlying collateral.
Assets measured at fair value
The following table includes the Firm’s assets measured at fair value and the portion of such assets that are classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Note 2 for further information.
March,31, 2022
(in billions, except ratios)
Total assets at fair valueTotal level 3 assets
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$298.3 $— 
Securities borrowed87.3 — 
Trading assets:
Trading–debt and equity instruments437.9 2.6 
Derivative receivables(a)
73.6 9.4 
Total trading assets511.5 12.0 
AFS securities312.9 0.2 
Loans48.5 2.1 
MSRs7.3 7.3 
Other15.7 0.4 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis
1,281.5 22.0 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
2.1 1.2 
Total assets measured at fair value
$1,283.6 $23.2 
Total Firm assets$3,954.7 
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets(a)
0.6 %
Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value(a)
1.8 %
(a)For purposes of the table above, the derivative receivables total reflects the impact of netting adjustments; however, the $9.4 billion of derivative receivables classified as level 3 does not reflect the netting adjustment as such netting is not relevant to a presentation based on the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.

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Valuation
Estimating fair value requires the application of judgment. The type and level of judgment required is largely dependent on the amount of observable market information available to the Firm. For instruments valued using internally developed valuation models and other valuation techniques that use significant unobservable inputs and are therefore classified within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy, judgments used to estimate fair value are more significant than those required when estimating the fair value of instruments classified within levels 1 and 2.
In arriving at an estimate of fair value for an instrument within level 3, management must first determine the appropriate valuation model or other valuation technique to use. Second, the lack of observability of certain significant inputs requires management to assess relevant empirical data in deriving valuation inputs including, for example, transaction details, yield curves, interest rates, prepayment speed, default rates, volatilities, correlations, prices (such as commodity, equity or debt prices), valuations of comparable instruments, foreign exchange rates and credit curves. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of the valuation of level 3 instruments, including unobservable inputs used.
For instruments classified in levels 2 and 3, management judgment must be applied to assess the appropriate level of valuation adjustments to reflect counterparty credit quality, the Firm’s creditworthiness, market funding rates, liquidity considerations, unobservable parameters, and for portfolios that meet specified criteria, the size of the net open risk position. The judgments made are typically affected by the type of product and its specific contractual terms, and the level of liquidity for the product or within the market as a whole. In periods of heightened market volatility and uncertainty judgments are further affected by the wider variation of reasonable valuation estimates, particularly for positions that are less liquid. Refer to Note 2 for a further discussion of valuation adjustments applied by the Firm.
Imprecision in estimating unobservable market inputs or other factors can affect the amount of gain or loss recorded for a particular position. Furthermore, while the Firm believes its valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with those of other market participants, the methods and assumptions used reflect management judgment and may vary across the Firm’s businesses and portfolios.
The Firm uses various methodologies and assumptions in the determination of fair value. The use of methodologies or assumptions different than those used by the Firm could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Refer to Note 2 for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s valuation process and hierarchy, and its determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.
Goodwill impairment
Management applies significant judgment when testing goodwill for impairment. Refer to Goodwill impairment on page 152 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the significant valuation judgments associated with goodwill impairment.
Refer to Note 14 for additional information on goodwill, including the goodwill impairment assessment as of March 31, 2022.
Credit card rewards liability
The credit card rewards liability was $10.1 billion and $9.8 billion at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and is recorded in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets. Refer to page 152 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions and sensitivities, associated with the Firm’s credit card rewards liability.
Income taxes
Refer to Income taxes on pages 152-153 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the significant assumptions, judgments and interpretations associated with the accounting for income taxes.
Litigation reserves
Refer to Note 24 of this Form 10-Q, and Note 30 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the significant estimates and judgments associated with establishing litigation reserves.
77

ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING DEVELOPMENTS
Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Standards Adopted since January 1, 2021
Standard
Summary of guidance
Effects on financial statements
Reference Rate
Reform

Issued March
2020 and updated January 2021
•Provides optional expedients and exceptions to current accounting guidance when financial instruments, hedge accounting relationships, and other transactions are amended due to reference rate reform.
•Provides an election to account for certain contract amendments related to reference rate reform as modifications rather than extinguishments without the requirement to assess the significance of the amendments.
•Allows for changes in critical terms of a hedge accounting relationship without automatic termination of that relationship. Provides various practical expedients and elections designed to allow hedge accounting to continue uninterrupted during the transition period.
•Provides a one-time election to transfer securities out of the held-to-maturity classification if certain criteria are met.
•The January 2021 update provides an election to account for derivatives modified to change the rate used for discounting, margining, or contract price alignment (collectively “discounting transition”) as modifications.
•Issued and effective March 12, 2020. The January 7, 2021 update was effective when issued.
•The Firm elected to apply certain of the practical expedients related to contract modifications and hedge accounting relationships, and discounting transition beginning in the third quarter of 2020. The discounting transition election was applied retrospectively. The main purpose of the practical expedients is to ease the administrative burden of accounting for contracts impacted by reference rate reform. These elections did not have a material impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
FASB Standards Issued but not yet Adopted
Standard
Summary of guidance
Effects on financial statements
Derivatives and Hedging: Fair Value Hedging – Portfolio Layer Method

Issued March 2022
•Expands the current ability to hedge a portfolio of prepayable assets to allow more of the portfolio to be hedged. Non-prepayable assets can also be included in the same portfolio, thus increasing the size of the portfolio and the amount available to be hedged.
•Clarifies the types of derivatives that can be used as hedges, and the balance sheet presentation and updates the disclosure guidance for the hedge accounting adjustments.
•Required effective date: January 1, 2023. (a)
•The Firm is currently evaluating the potential impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Financial Instruments – Credit Losses: Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures

Issued March 2022

•Eliminates existing accounting and disclosure requirements for Troubled Debt Restructurings, including the requirement to measure the allowance using a discounted cash flow methodology.
•Requires disclosure of loan modifications for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty involving principal forgiveness, interest rate concessions, term extensions or a combination of these types.
•Requires disclosure of current period loan charge-off information by origination year.
•May be adopted using a full retrospective method, or a modified retrospective method wherein the effect of adoption is reflected as an adjustment to retained earnings at the effective date.
•Required effective date: January 1, 2023. (a)
•The Firm is currently evaluating the potential impact on the Consolidated Financial Statements.
•The Firm plans to adopt the new guidance on January 1, 2023.
(a)Early adoption is permitted.
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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
From time to time, the Firm has made and will make forward-looking statements. These statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. Forward-looking statements often use words such as “anticipate,” “target,” “expect,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “goal,” “believe,” or other words of similar meaning. Forward-looking statements provide JPMorgan Chase’s current expectations or forecasts of future events, circumstances, results or aspirations. JPMorgan Chase’s disclosures in this Form 10-Q contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. The Firm also may make forward-looking statements in its other documents filed or furnished with the SEC. In addition, the Firm’s senior management may make forward-looking statements orally to investors, analysts, representatives of the media and others.
All forward-looking statements are, by their nature, subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Firm’s control. JPMorgan Chase’s actual future results may differ materially from those set forth in its forward-looking statements. While there is no assurance that any list of risks and uncertainties or risk factors is complete, below are certain factors which could cause actual results to differ from those in the forward-looking statements:
•Local, regional and global business, economic and political conditions and geopolitical events, including the war in Ukraine;
•Changes in laws, rules and regulatory requirements, including capital and liquidity requirements affecting the Firm’s businesses, and the ability of the Firm to address those requirements;
•Heightened regulatory and governmental oversight and scrutiny of JPMorgan Chase’s business practices, including dealings with retail customers;
•Changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies and laws;
•Changes in the level of inflation;
•Changes in income tax laws, rules and regulations;
•Securities and capital markets behavior, including changes in market liquidity and volatility;
•Changes in investor sentiment or consumer spending or savings behavior;
•Ability of the Firm to manage effectively its capital and liquidity;
•Changes in credit ratings assigned to the Firm or its subsidiaries;
•Damage to the Firm’s reputation;
•Ability of the Firm to appropriately address social, environmental and sustainability concerns that may arise, including from its business activities;
•Ability of the Firm to deal effectively with an economic slowdown or other economic or market disruption, including, but not limited to, in the interest rate environment;
•Technology changes instituted by the Firm, its counterparties or competitors;
•The effectiveness of the Firm’s control agenda;
•Ability of the Firm to develop or discontinue products and services, and the extent to which products or services previously sold by the Firm require the Firm to incur liabilities or absorb losses not contemplated at their initiation or origination;
•Acceptance of the Firm’s new and existing products and services by the marketplace and the ability of the Firm to innovate and to increase market share;
•Ability of the Firm to attract and retain qualified and diverse employees;
•Ability of the Firm to control expenses;
•Competitive pressures;
•Changes in the credit quality of the Firm’s clients, customers and counterparties;
•Adequacy of the Firm’s risk management framework, disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting;
•Adverse judicial or regulatory proceedings;
•Ability of the Firm to determine accurate values of certain assets and liabilities;
•Occurrence of natural or man-made disasters or calamities, including health emergencies, the spread of infectious diseases, epidemics or pandemics, an outbreak or escalation of hostilities or other geopolitical instabilities, the effects of climate change or extraordinary events beyond the Firm's control, and the Firm’s ability to deal effectively with disruptions caused by the foregoing;
•Ability of the Firm to maintain the security of its financial, accounting, technology, data processing and other operational systems and facilities;
•Ability of the Firm to withstand disruptions that may be caused by any failure of its operational systems or those of third parties;
•Ability of the Firm to effectively defend itself against cyberattacks and other attempts by unauthorized parties to access information of the Firm or its customers or to disrupt the Firm’s systems;
•Economic, financial, reputational and other impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic; and
•The other risks and uncertainties detailed in Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors in JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K.
Any forward-looking statements made by or on behalf of the Firm speak only as of the date they are made, and JPMorgan Chase does not undertake to update any forward-looking statements. The reader should, however, consult any further disclosures of a forward-looking nature the Firm may make in any subsequent Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q or Current Reports on Form 8-K.
79


JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of income (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)20222021
Revenue
Investment banking fees$2,008 $2,970 
Principal transactions5,105 6,500 
Lending- and deposit-related fees1,839 1,687 
Asset management, administration and commissions5,362 5,029 
Investment securities gains/(losses)(394)14 
Mortgage fees and related income460 704 
Card income975 1,350 
Other income1,490 1,123 
Noninterest revenue16,845 19,377 
Interest income15,496 14,271 
Interest expense1,624 1,382 
Net interest income13,872 12,889 
Total net revenue30,717 32,266 
Provision for credit losses1,463 (4,156)
Noninterest expense
Compensation expense10,787 10,601 
Occupancy expense1,134 1,115 
Technology, communications and equipment expense2,360 2,519 
Professional and outside services2,572 2,203 
Marketing920 751 
Other expense1,418 1,536 
Total noninterest expense19,191 18,725 
Income before income tax expense10,063 17,697 
Income tax expense1,781 3,397 
Net income$8,282 $14,300 
Net income applicable to common stockholders$7,845 $13,851 
Net income per common share data
Basic earnings per share$2.64 $4.51 
Diluted earnings per share2.63 4.50 
Weighted-average basic shares2,977.0 3,073.5 
Weighted-average diluted shares2,981.0 3,078.9 
.
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.






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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Net income$8,282 $14,300 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities(7,453)(4,339)
Translation adjustments, net of hedges(62)(250)
Fair value hedges110 (28)
Cash flow hedges(2,791)(2,249)
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans67 68 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities646 (147)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss), after–tax(9,483)(6,945)
Comprehensive income$(1,201)$7,355 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.

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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited)
(in millions, except share data)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets
Cash and due from banks$26,165 $26,438 
Deposits with banks728,367 714,396 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements (included $298,339 and $252,720 at fair value)
301,875 261,698 
Securities borrowed (included $87,276 and $81,463 at fair value)
224,852 206,071 
Trading assets (included assets pledged of $120,758 and $102,710)
511,528 433,575 
Available-for-sale securities (amortized cost of $322,122 and $308,254, net of allowance for credit losses; included assets pledged of $20,119 and $18,268)
312,875 308,525 
Held-to-maturity securities (net of allowance for credit losses)366,585 363,707 
Investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses679,460 672,232 
Loans (included $48,463 and $58,820 at fair value)
1,073,285 1,077,714 
Allowance for loan losses(17,192)(16,386)
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses1,056,093 1,061,328 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable152,207 102,570 
Premises and equipment26,916 27,070 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible assets58,485 56,691 
Other assets (included $16,532 and $14,753 at fair value and assets pledged of $8,075 and $5,298)
188,739 181,498 
Total assets(a)
$3,954,687 $3,743,567 
Liabilities
Deposits (included $10,443 and $11,333 at fair value)
$2,561,207 $2,462,303 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements (included $146,112 and $126,435 at fair value)
223,858 194,340 
Short-term borrowings (included $19,198 and $20,015 at fair value)
57,586 53,594 
Trading liabilities202,083 164,693 
Accounts payable and other liabilities (included $8,019 and $5,651 at fair value)
320,671 262,755 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs (included $11 and $12 at fair value)
10,144 10,750 
Long-term debt (included $70,704 and $74,934 at fair value)
293,239 301,005 
Total liabilities(a)
3,668,788 3,449,440 
Commitments and contingencies (refer to Notes 22, 23 and 24)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock ($1 par value; authorized 200,000,000 shares; issued 3,283,750 and 3,483,750 shares)
32,838 34,838 
Common stock ($1 par value; authorized 9,000,000,000 shares; issued 4,104,933,895 shares)
4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital88,260 88,415 
Retained earnings277,177 272,268 
Accumulated other comprehensive income(9,567)(84)
Treasury stock, at cost (1,167,883,429 and 1,160,784,750 shares)
(106,914)(105,415)
Total stockholders’ equity285,899 294,127 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,954,687 $3,743,567 
(a) The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs that are consolidated by the Firm at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. The assets of the consolidated VIEs are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The holders of the beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. The assets and liabilities in the table below include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation. Refer to Note 13 for a further discussion.
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets
Trading assets$2,020 $2,010 
Loans31,966 33,024 
All other assets472 490 
Total assets$34,458 $35,524 
Liabilities
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs$10,144 $10,750 
All other liabilities253 245 
Total liabilities$10,397 $10,995 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
82

JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions, except per share data)20222021
Preferred stock
Balance at the beginning of the period$34,838 $30,063 
Issuance— 1,500 
Redemption(2,000)— 
Balance at March 3132,838 31,563 
Common stock
Balance at the beginning and end of the period4,105 4,105 
Additional paid-in capital
Balance at the beginning of the period88,415 88,394 
Shares issued and commitments to issue common stock for employee share-based compensation awards, and related tax effects(155)(363)
Other
— (26)
Balance at March 3188,260 88,005 
Retained earnings
Balance at the beginning of the period272,268 236,990 
Net income8,282 14,300 
Dividends declared:
Preferred stock(397)(379)
Common stock ($1.00 and $0.90 per share)
(2,976)(2,760)
Balance at March 31277,177 248,151 
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at the beginning of the period(84)7,986 
Other comprehensive income/(loss), after-tax(9,483)(6,945)
Balance at March 31(9,567)1,041 
Treasury stock, at cost
Balance at the beginning of the period(105,415)(88,184)
Repurchase(2,500)(4,999)
Reissuance1,001 1,032 
Balance at March 31(106,914)(92,151)
Total stockholders’ equity$285,899 $280,714 
The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited)
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Operating activities
Net income$8,282 $14,300 
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
Provision for credit losses1,463 (4,156)
Depreciation and amortization1,820 2,070 
Deferred tax (benefit)/expense(730)998 
Other1,200 890 
Originations and purchases of loans held-for-sale(66,262)(85,457)
Proceeds from sales, securitizations and paydowns of loans held-for-sale75,558 75,547 
Net change in:
Trading assets(91,213)(34,262)
Securities borrowed(18,979)(18,951)
Accrued interest and accounts receivable(49,719)(24,323)
Other assets1,319 7,131 
Trading liabilities29,993 (7)
Accounts payable and other liabilities64,738 23,559 
Other operating adjustments613 (1,211)
Net cash (used in) operating activities(41,917)(43,872)
Investing activities
Net change in:
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements(40,407)23,791 
Held-to-maturity securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities9,512 14,700 
Purchases(13,223)(31,348)
Available-for-sale securities:
Proceeds from paydowns and maturities11,291 14,096 
Proceeds from sales16,971 80,823 
Purchases(45,357)(95,958)
Proceeds from sales and securitizations of loans held-for-investment9,987 6,619 
Other changes in loans, net(18,185)3,321 
All other investing activities, net(3,197)(653)
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities(72,608)15,391 
Financing activities
Net change in:
Deposits99,691 120,501 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements29,600 88,844 
Short-term borrowings4,300 9,387 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs52 (1,439)
Proceeds from long-term borrowings20,651 24,162 
Payments of long-term borrowings(13,094)(14,983)
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock— 1,500 
Redemption of preferred stock(2,000)— 
Treasury stock repurchased(2,455)(4,806)
Dividends paid(3,430)(3,193)
All other financing activities, net(543)(1,062)
Net cash provided by financing activities132,772 218,911 
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and due from banks and deposits with banks(4,549)(6,967)
Net increase in cash and due from banks and deposits with banks13,698 183,463 
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the beginning of the period740,834 527,609 
Cash and due from banks and deposits with banks at the end of the period$754,532 $711,072 
Cash interest paid$1,088 $1,127 
Cash income taxes paid, net705 707 

The Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited) are an integral part of these statements.
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Refer to the Glossary of Terms and Acronyms on pages 166-174 for definitions of terms and acronyms used throughout the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (unaudited)
Note 1 – Basis of presentation
JPMorgan Chase & Co. (“JPMorgan Chase” or the “Firm”), a financial holding company incorporated under Delaware law in 1968, is a leading financial services firm based in the U.S., with operations worldwide. The Firm is a leader in investment banking, financial services for consumers and small businesses, commercial banking, financial transaction processing and asset management. Refer to Note 25 for a further discussion of the Firm’s business segments.
The accounting and financial reporting policies of JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries conform to U.S. GAAP. Additionally, where applicable, the policies conform to the accounting and reporting guidelines prescribed by regulatory authorities.
The unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expense, and the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could be different from these estimates. In the opinion of management, all normal, recurring adjustments have been included such that this interim financial information is fairly stated.
These unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements, and related notes thereto, included in JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K.
Certain amounts reported in prior periods have been reclassified to conform with the current presentation.
Consolidation
The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of JPMorgan Chase and other entities in which the Firm has a controlling financial interest. All material intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.
Assets held for clients in an agency or fiduciary capacity by the Firm are not assets of JPMorgan Chase and are not included on the Consolidated balance sheets.
The Firm determines whether it has a controlling financial interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity.
Refer to Notes 1 and 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form     10-K for a further description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding consolidation.
Offsetting assets and liabilities
U.S. GAAP permits entities to present derivative receivables and derivative payables with the same counterparty and the related cash collateral receivables and payables on a net basis on the Consolidated balance sheets when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. U.S. GAAP also permits securities financing activities to be presented on a net basis when specified conditions are met, including the existence of a legally enforceable master netting agreement. The Firm has elected to net such balances where it has determined that the specified conditions are met. Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on offsetting assets and liabilities.
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Note 2 – Fair value measurement
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s valuation methodologies for assets, liabilities and lending-related commitments measured at fair value and the fair value hierarchy.

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The following table presents the assets and liabilities reported at fair value as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, by major product category and fair value hierarchy.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis
Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$— $298,339 $— $— $298,339 
Securities borrowed— 87,276 — — 87,276 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 40,328 286 — 40,614 
Residential – nonagency— 2,301 10 — 2,311 
Commercial – nonagency— 1,695 10 — 1,705 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 44,324 306 — 44,630 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
70,115 9,120 — — 79,235 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 7,067 7 — 7,074 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper
— 2,813 — — 2,813 
Non-U.S. government debt securities39,150 48,129 133 — 87,412 
Corporate debt securities— 29,315 293 — 29,608 
Loans— 6,904 1,049 — 7,953 
Asset-backed securities— 3,117 28 — 3,145 
Total debt instruments109,265 150,789 1,816 — 261,870 
Equity securities125,057 1,248 663 — 126,968 
Physical commodities(b)
7,574 17,815 — — 25,389 
Other— 23,445 175 — 23,620 
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
241,896 193,297 2,654 — 437,847 
Derivative receivables:
Interest rate7,352 251,399 3,058 (238,491)23,318 
Credit— 12,027 578 (11,230)1,375 
Foreign exchange268 209,463 1,114 (191,342)19,503 
Equity— 68,876 3,994 (64,228)8,642 
Commodity— 56,871 651 (36,724)20,798 
Total derivative receivables7,620 598,636 9,395 (542,015)73,636 
Total trading assets(d)
249,516 791,933 12,049 (542,015)511,483 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 89,900 — — 89,900 
Residential – nonagency— 5,515 — — 5,515 
Commercial – nonagency— 4,905 — — 4,905 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 100,320 — — 100,320 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies165,962 — — — 165,962 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 14,786 — — 14,786 
Non-U.S. government debt securities5,507 10,794 — — 16,301 
Corporate debt securities— 151 205 — 356 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations— 10,473 — — 10,473 
Other— 4,677 — — 4,677 
Total available-for-sale securities171,469 141,201 205 — 312,875 
Loans (e)
— 46,391 2,072 — 48,463 
Mortgage servicing rights— — 7,294 — 7,294 
Other assets(d)
9,020 6,371 341 — 15,732 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$430,005 $1,371,511 $21,961 $(542,015)$1,281,462 
Deposits$— $8,322 $2,121 $— $10,443 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
— 146,112 — — 146,112 
Short-term borrowings— 17,052 2,146 — 19,198 
Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(c)
108,958 35,281 41 — 144,280 
Derivative payables:
Interest rate5,344 228,527 2,691 (225,032)11,530 
Credit— 11,317 534 (11,052)799 
Foreign exchange292 207,398 1,038 (193,067)15,661 
Equity— 74,450 6,577 (65,210)15,817 
Commodity— 52,611 1,065 (39,680)13,996 
Total derivative payables5,636 574,303 11,905 (534,041)57,803 
Total trading liabilities114,594 609,584 11,946 (534,041)202,083 
Accounts payable and other liabilities4,903 3,008 108 — 8,019 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs— 11 — — 11 
Long-term debt— 46,310 24,394 — 70,704 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$119,497 $830,399 $40,715 $(534,041)$456,570 
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Fair value hierarchy
Derivative
netting
adjustments(f)
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3Total fair value
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements$— $252,720 $— $— $252,720 
Securities borrowed— 81,463 — — 81,463 
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
— 38,944 265 — 39,209 
Residential – nonagency— 2,358 28 — 2,386 
Commercial – nonagency— 1,506 10 — 1,516 
Total mortgage-backed securities— 42,808 303 — 43,111 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies(a)
68,527 9,181 — — 77,708 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 7,068 7 — 7,075 
Certificates of deposit, bankers’ acceptances and commercial paper
— 852 — — 852 
Non-U.S. government debt securities26,982 44,581 81 — 71,644 
Corporate debt securities— 24,491 332 — 24,823 
Loans— 7,366 708 — 8,074 
Asset-backed securities— 2,668 26 — 2,694 
Total debt instruments95,509 139,015 1,457 — 235,981 
Equity securities86,904 1,741 662 — 89,307 
Physical commodities(b)
5,357 20,788 — — 26,145 
Other— 24,850 160 — 25,010 
Total debt and equity instruments(c)
187,770 186,394 2,279 — 376,443 
Derivative receivables:
Interest rate1,072 267,493 

2,020 (248,611)21,974 
Credit— 9,321 518 (8,808)1,031 
Foreign exchange134 168,590 

855 (156,954)12,625 
Equity— 65,139 3,492 (58,650)9,981 
Commodity— 26,232 421 (15,183)11,470 
Total derivative receivables1,206 536,775 

7,306 (488,206)57,081 
Total trading assets(d)
188,976 723,169 

9,585 (488,206)433,524 
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies(a)
4 72,539 — — 72,543 
Residential – nonagency— 6,070 — — 6,070 
Commercial – nonagency— 4,949 — — 4,949 
Total mortgage-backed securities4 83,558 — — 83,562 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies177,463 — — — 177,463 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities— 15,860 — — 15,860 
Non-U.S. government debt securities5,430 10,779 — — 16,209 
Corporate debt securities— 160 161 — 321 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations— 9,662 — — 9,662 
Other— 5,448 — — 5,448 
Total available-for-sale securities182,897 125,467 161 — 308,525 
Loans(e)
— 56,887 1,933 — 58,820 
Mortgage servicing rights— — 5,494 — 5,494 
Other assets(d)
9,558 4,139 306 — 14,003 
Total assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis$381,431 $1,243,845 

$17,479 

$(488,206)$1,154,549 
Deposits$— $9,016 $2,317 $— $11,333 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
— 126,435 — — 126,435 
Short-term borrowings— 17,534 2,481 — 20,015 
Trading liabilities:
Debt and equity instruments(c)
87,831 26,716 30 — 114,577 
Derivative payables:
Interest rate981 237,714 

2,036 (232,537)8,194 
Credit— 10,468 

444 (10,032)880 
Foreign exchange123 174,349 

1,274 (161,649)14,097 
Equity— 72,609 

7,118 (62,494)17,233 
Commodity— 26,600 

1,328 (18,216)9,712 
Total derivative payables1,104 521,740 

12,200 (484,928)50,116 
Total trading liabilities88,935 548,456 

12,230 (484,928)164,693 
Accounts payable and other liabilities5,115 467 

69 — 5,651 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs— 12 

— — 12 
Long-term debt— 50,560 

24,374 — 74,934 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis$94,050 $752,480 

$41,471 $(484,928)$403,073 
(a)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, included total U.S. GSE obligations of $72.8 billion and $73.9 billion, respectively, which were mortgage-related.
(b)Physical commodities inventories are generally accounted for at the lower of cost or net realizable value. “Net realizable value” is a term defined in U.S. GAAP as not exceeding fair value less costs to sell (“transaction costs”). Transaction costs for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories are either not applicable or immaterial to the value of the inventory. Therefore, net realizable value approximates fair value for the Firm’s physical commodities inventories. When fair value hedging has been applied (or when net realizable value is below cost), the carrying value of physical commodities approximates fair value, because under fair value hedge accounting, the cost basis is adjusted for changes in fair value. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of the Firm’s hedge accounting relationships. To provide consistent fair value disclosure information, all physical commodities inventories have been included in each period presented.
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(c)Balances reflect the reduction of securities owned (long positions) by the amount of identical securities sold but not yet purchased (short positions).
(d)Certain investments that are measured at fair value using the net asset value per share (or its equivalent) as a practical expedient are not required to be classified in the fair value hierarchy. At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the fair values of these investments, which include certain hedge funds, private equity funds, real estate and other funds, were $845 million and $801 million, respectively. Included in these balances at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, were trading assets of $45 million and $51 million, respectively, and other assets of $800 million and $750 million, respectively.
(e)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, included $15.1 billion and $26.2 billion, respectively, of residential first-lien mortgages, and $9.3 billion and $8.2 billion, respectively, of commercial first-lien mortgages. Residential mortgage loans include conforming mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell to U.S. GSEs and government agencies of $5.0 billion and $13.6 billion, respectively.
(f)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral received and paid when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists. The level 3 balances would be reduced if netting were applied, including the netting benefit associated with cash collateral.
Level 3 valuations
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm’s valuation process and a detailed discussion of the determination of fair value for individual financial instruments.
The following table presents the Firm’s primary level 3 financial instruments, the valuation techniques used to measure the fair value of those financial instruments, the significant unobservable inputs, the range of values for those inputs and the weighted or arithmetic averages of such inputs. While the determination to classify an instrument within level 3 is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement, level 3 financial instruments typically include observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources) in addition to the unobservable components. The level 1 and/or level 2 inputs are not included in the table. In addition, the Firm manages the risk of the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within levels 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
The range of values presented in the table is representative of the highest and lowest level input used to value the significant groups of instruments within a product/instrument classification. Where provided, the weighted averages of the input values presented in the table are calculated based on the fair value of the instruments that the input is being used to value.
In the Firm’s view, the input range, weighted and arithmetic average values do not reflect the degree of input uncertainty or an assessment of the reasonableness of the Firm’s estimates and assumptions. Rather, they reflect the characteristics of the various instruments held by the Firm and the relative distribution of instruments within the range of characteristics. For example, two option contracts may have similar levels of market risk exposure and valuation uncertainty, but may have significantly different implied volatility levels because the option contracts have different underlyings, tenors, or strike prices. The input range and weighted average values will therefore vary from period-to-period and parameter-to-parameter based on the characteristics of the instruments held by the Firm at each balance sheet date.

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Level 3 inputs(a)
March 31, 2022
Product/Instrument
Fair value
(in millions)
Principal valuation technique
Unobservable inputs(g)
Range of input values
Average(i)
Residential mortgage-backed securities and loans(b)
$1,283 Discounted cash flowsYield0%–27%5%
Prepayment speed0%–15%13%
Conditional default rate0%–2%0%
Loss severity0%–107%3%
Commercial mortgage-backed securities and loans(c)
395 Market comparablesPrice$0–$102$86
Corporate debt securities498 Market comparablesPrice$0–$233$95
Loans(d)
1,749 Market comparablesPrice$0–$109$85
Non-U.S. government debt securities133 Market comparablesPrice$5–$101$87
Net interest rate derivatives360 Option pricingInterest rate volatility11 bps–573 bps118 bps
Interest rate spread volatility11 bps–23 bps15 bps
Interest rate correlation(91)%–99%18%
IR-FX correlation(35)%–65%4%
7 Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed0%–30%6%
Net credit derivatives(4)Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation30%–65%47%
Credit spread1 bps–3,827 bps429 bps
Recovery rate25%–70%49%
48 Market comparablesPrice$0–$115$80
Net foreign exchange derivatives172 Option pricingIR-FX correlation(40)%–65%17%
(96)Discounted cash flowsPrepayment speed9%9%
Interest rate curve1%–29%10%
Net equity derivatives(2,583)Option pricing
Forward equity price(h)
67%–131%99%
Equity volatility4%–131%33%
Equity correlation17%–100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(77)%–59%(27)%
Equity-IR correlation15%–50%29%
Net commodity derivatives(414)Option pricingOil Commodity Forward$85 / BBL–$96 / BBL$91 / BBL
Industrial metals commodity forward$3,363 / MT–$4,242 / MT$3,803 / MT
Commodity volatility4%–320%162%
Commodity correlation(50)%–98%24%
MSRs7,294 Discounted cash flowsRefer to Note 14
Long-term debt, short-term borrowings, and deposits(e)
27,612 Option pricingInterest rate volatility11 bps–573 bps118 bps
Interest rate correlation(91)%–99%18%
IR-FX correlation(35)%–65%4%
Equity correlation17%–100%55%
Equity-FX correlation(77)%–59%(27)%
Equity-IR correlation15%–50%29%
1,049 Discounted cash flowsCredit correlation30%–65%47%
Other level 3 assets and liabilities, net(f)
1,065 
(a)The categories presented in the table have been aggregated based upon the product type, which may differ from their classification on the Consolidated balance sheets. Furthermore, the inputs presented for each valuation technique in the table are, in some cases, not applicable to every instrument valued using the technique as the characteristics of the instruments can differ.
(b)Comprises U.S. GSE and government agency securities of $286 million, nonagency securities of $10 million and non-trading loans of $987 million.
(c)Comprises nonagency securities of $10 million, trading loans of $40 million and non-trading loans of $345 million.
(d)Comprises trading loans of $1.0 billion and non-trading loans of $740 million.
(e)Long-term debt, short-term borrowings and deposits include structured notes issued by the Firm that are financial instruments that typically contain embedded derivatives. The estimation of the fair value of structured notes includes the derivative features embedded within the instrument. The significant unobservable inputs are broadly consistent with those presented for derivative receivables.
(f)Includes equity securities of $850 million including $187 million in Other Assets, for which quoted prices are not readily available and the fair value is generally based on internal valuation techniques such as EBITDA multiples and comparable analysis. All other level 3 assets and liabilities are insignificant both individually and in aggregate.
(g)Price is a significant unobservable input for certain instruments. When quoted market prices are not readily available, reliance is generally placed on price-based internal valuation techniques. The price input is expressed assuming a par value of $100.
(h)Forward equity price is expressed as a percentage of the current equity price.
(i)Amounts represent weighted averages except for derivative related inputs where arithmetic averages are used.
90

Changes in and ranges of unobservable inputs
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the impact on fair value of changes in unobservable inputs and the relationships between unobservable inputs as well as a description of attributes of the underlying instruments and external market factors that affect the range of inputs used in the valuation of the Firm’s positions.
Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements
The following tables include a rollforward of the Consolidated balance sheets amounts (including changes in fair value) for financial instruments classified by the Firm within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. When a determination is made to classify a financial instrument within level 3, the determination is based on the significance of the unobservable inputs to the overall fair value measurement. However, level 3 financial instruments typically include, in addition to the unobservable or level 3 components, observable components (that is, components that are actively quoted and can be validated to external sources); accordingly, the gains and losses in the table below include changes in fair value due in part to observable factors that are part of the valuation methodology. Also, the Firm risk-manages the observable components of level 3 financial instruments using securities and derivative positions that are classified within level 1 or 2 of the fair value hierarchy; as these level 1 and level 2 risk management instruments are not included below, the gains or losses in the following tables do not reflect the effect of the Firm’s risk management activities related to such level 3 instruments.




91

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2022
(in millions)		Fair value at
  Jan 1,
2022		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
March 31, 2022		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at March 31, 2022
Purchases(g)
Sales
Settlements(h)
Assets:(a)
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
$265 $27 $22 $(7)$(21)$— $— $286 $26 
Residential – nonagency28 — — — (11)— (7)10 — 
Commercial – nonagency
10 — — — — — — 10 — 
Total mortgage-backed securities
303 27 22 (7)(32)— (7)306 26 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
7 — — — — — — 7 — 
Non-U.S. government debt securities
81 (33)228 (180)— 37 — 133 (33)
Corporate debt securities332 (19)61 (59)(37)41 (26)293 (20)
Loans708 (4)297 (98)(7)271 (118)1,049 (4)
Asset-backed securities26 — 1 — — 4 (3)28 — 
Total debt instruments1,457 (29)609 (344)(76)353 (154)1,816 (31)
Equity securities662 (813)223 (240)— 853 (22)663 (760)
Other160 1 20 — (5)— (1)175 16 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments
2,279 (841)
(c)
852 (584)(81)1,206 (177)2,654 (775)
(c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate(16)233 126 (94)151 (27)(6)367 422 
Credit74 67 4 (4)(96)(3)2 44 66 
Foreign exchange(419)345 132 (24)70 (6)(22)76 364 
Equity(3,626)730 498 (559)443 (331)262 (2,583)838 
Commodity(907)422 50 (137)156 — 2 (414)467 
Total net derivative receivables
(4,894)1,797 
(c)
810 (818)724 (367)238 (2,510)2,157 
(c)
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— — — — — — — — — 
Corporate debt securities161 27 17 — — — — 205 27 
Total available-for-sale securities
161 27 
(d)
17 — — — — 205 27 
(d)
Loans1,933 98 
(c)
121 (5)(281)390 (184)2,072 156 
(c)
Mortgage servicing rights5,494 959 
(e)
1,130 (57)(232)— — 7,294 959 
(e)
Other assets306 9 
(c)
41 — (17)2 — 341 9 
(c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2022
(in millions)		Fair value at
  Jan 1,
2022		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
March 31, 2022		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at March 31, 2022
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(h)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$2,317 $(142)
(c)(f)
$— $— $108 $(48)$— $(114)$2,121 $(143)
(c)(f)
Short-term borrowings2,481 (401)
(c)(f)
— — 1,423 (1,347)1 (11)2,146 (153)
(c)(f)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments
30 (17)
(c)
(14)30 — — 14 (2)41 31 
(c)
Accounts payable and other liabilities
69 (4)
(c)
— 42 — — 1 — 108 (4)
(c)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
— — 

— — — — — — — — 

Long-term debt24,374 (1,668)
(c)(f)
— — 4,050 (2,476)263 (149)24,394 (1,575)
(c)(f)
92

Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized gains/(losses)Transfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
March 31, 2021		Change in unrealized gains/(losses) related
to financial instruments held at March 31, 2021
Purchases(g)
Sales
Settlements(h)
Assets:(a)
Trading assets:
Debt instruments:
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
$449 $23 $6 $(48)$(33)$— $397 $22 
Residential – nonagency28 1 9 (3)(2)(1)32 — 
Commercial – nonagency3 — — (1)— — 2 — 
Total mortgage-backed securities
480 24 15 (52)(35)— (1)431 22 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
8 — — — — — — 8 — 
Non-U.S. government debt securities
182 (9)118 (107)(7)— — 177 (9)
Corporate debt securities507 (15)91 (146)— 85 (152)370 (14)
Loans893 7 272 (152)(1)90 (277)832 8 
Asset-backed securities28 (1)28 (3)— 2 — 54 (1)
Total debt instruments2,098 6 524 (460)(43)177 (430)1,872 6 
Equity securities476 (5)230 (43)— 54 (24)688 3 
Other49 41 65 — (29)— (4)122 36 
Total trading assets – debt and equity instruments
2,623 42 
(c)
819 (503)(72)231 (458)2,682 45 
(c)
Net derivative receivables:(b)
Interest rate258 445 53 (93)(534)

57 (37)149 313 
Credit(224)183 1 (2)27 (3)14 (4)168 
Foreign exchange(434)(200)2 (6)111 10 (22)(539)(214)
Equity(3,862)23 

194 (838)

126 

110 413 

(3,834)(213)
Commodity(731)(246)4 (213)279 (1)(3)(911)(145)
Total net derivative receivables
(4,993)205 
(c)
254 (1,152)

9 

173 365 

(5,139)(91)
(c)
Available-for-sale securities:
Mortgage-backed securities— — 

— — 

— 

— — 

— — 
Corporate debt securities— — — — — — — — — 
Total available-for-sale securities
— — 
(d)
— — — — — — — 
(d)
Loans2,305 (73)
(c)
67 (190)(201)155 (240)1,823 (112)
(c)
Mortgage servicing rights3,276 797 
(e)
583 1 (187)— — 4,470 797 
(e)
Other assets538 13 
(c)
3 (18)(25)— — 511 12 
(c)
Fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs
Three months ended
March 31, 2021
(in millions)		Fair value at
Jan 1,
2021		Total realized/unrealized (gains)/lossesTransfers into
level 3		Transfers (out of) level 3Fair value at
March 31, 2021		Change in unrealized (gains)/losses related
to financial instruments held at March 31, 2021
PurchasesSalesIssuances
Settlements(h)
Liabilities:(a)
Deposits$2,913 $(103)
(c)(f)
$— $— $69 $(95)$1 $(133)$2,652 $(105)
(c)(f)
Short-term borrowings2,420 (113)
(c)(f)
— — 2,918 (1,506)— (55)3,664 (27)
(c)(f)
Trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments
51 (3)
(c)
(65)21 — — 59 (3)60 — 

Accounts payable and other liabilities
68 (1)
(c)
— 1 — — — (7)61 (1)
(c)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
— — 

— — — — — — — — 

Long-term debt23,397 (308)
(c)(f)
— — 3,465 (3,649)

11 (341)22,575 

(324)
(c)(f)
(a)Level 3 assets at fair value as a percentage of total Firm assets at fair value (including assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 2% and 2% at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. Level 3 liabilities at fair value as a percentage of total Firm liabilities at fair value (including liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis) were 9% and 10% at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
93

(b)All level 3 derivatives are presented on a net basis, irrespective of the underlying counterparty.
(c)Predominantly reported in principal transactions revenue, except for changes in fair value for CCB mortgage loans and lending-related commitments originated with the intent to sell, and mortgage loan purchase commitments, which are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Realized gains/(losses) on AFS securities are reported in investment securities gains/(losses). Unrealized gains/(losses) are reported in OCI. There were no realized gains/(losses) recorded in income on AFS securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Unrealized gains/(losses) recorded on AFS securities in OCI were $27 million and zero for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(e)Changes in fair value for MSRs are reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(f)Realized (gains)/losses due to DVA for fair value option elected liabilities are reported in principal transactions revenue, and were not material for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Unrealized (gains)/losses are reported in OCI, and were $(229) million and $(22) million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(g)Loan originations are included in purchases.
(h)Includes financial assets and liabilities that have matured, been partially or fully repaid, impacts of modifications, deconsolidations associated with beneficial interests in VIEs and other items.
Level 3 analysis
Consolidated balance sheets changes
The following describes significant changes to level 3 assets since December 31, 2021, for those items measured at fair value on a recurring basis. Refer to Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis on page 95 for further information on changes impacting items measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis.
Three months ended March 31, 2022
Level 3 assets were $22.0 billion at March 31, 2022, reflecting an increase of $4.5 billion from December 31, 2021.
The increase for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was largely driven by:
•$1.0 billion increase in gross interest rate derivative receivables due to gains.
•$1.8 billion increase in MSRs.
Refer to Note 14 for information on MSRs.
Refer to the sections below for additional information.
Transfers between levels for instruments carried at fair value on a recurring basis
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 included the following:
•$1.2 billion of total debt and equity instruments, largely due to equity securities of $853 million driven by a decrease in observability as a result of restricted access to certain markets.
For the three months ended March 31, 2022, there were no significant transfers from level 3 into level 2.
For the three months ended March 31, 2021, there were no significant transfers from level 2 into level 3 or from level 3 into level 2.
All transfers are based on changes in the observability and/or significance of the valuation inputs and are assumed to occur at the beginning of the quarterly reporting period in which they occur.
Gains and losses
The following describes significant components of total realized/unrealized gains/(losses) for instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the periods indicated. These amounts exclude any effects of the Firm’s risk management activities where the financial instruments are classified as level 1 and 2 of the fair value hierarchy. Refer to Changes in level 3 recurring fair value measurements rollforward tables on pages 91-94 for further information on these instruments.
Three months ended March 31, 2022
•$2.0 billion of net gains on assets, predominantly driven by gains in net equity derivative receivables due to market movements and MSRs reflecting lower prepayment speeds on higher rates.
•$2.2 billion of net gains on liabilities, largely driven by gains in long-term debt due to market movements.
Three months ended March 31, 2021
•$984 million of net gains on assets, driven by MSRs reflecting lower prepayment speeds on higher rates.
•$528 million of net gains on liabilities, largely driven by market movements in long-term debt.
Refer to Note 14 for additional information on MSRs.
Credit and funding adjustments — derivatives
The following table provides the impact of credit and funding adjustments on principal transactions revenue in the respective periods, excluding the effect of any associated hedging activities. The FVA presented below includes the impact of the Firm’s own credit quality on the inception value of liabilities as well as the impact of changes in the Firm’s own credit quality over time.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Credit and funding adjustments:
Derivatives CVA$(312)$240 
Derivatives FVA
(58)105 
Refer to Note 2 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information about both credit and funding adjustments, as well as information about valuation adjustments on fair value option elected liabilities.

94

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis
The following tables present the assets and liabilities held as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, for which nonrecurring fair value adjustments were recorded during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, by major product category and fair value hierarchy.
Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
March 31, 2022 (in millions)
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Loans$— $874 

$417 
(b)
$1,291 
Other assets(a)
— 15 802 817 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $889 $1,219 $2,108 
Accounts payable and other liabilities — — 28 
 
28 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $— $28 $28 
Fair value hierarchyTotal fair value
March 31, 2021 (in millions)Level 1Level 2Level 3
Loans$— $1,857 

$303 $2,160 
Other assets— 12 370 

382 
Total assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $1,869 $673 $2,542 
Accounts payable and other liabilities— — 14 

14 
Total liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis$— $— $14 $14 
(a)Primarily includes equity securities without readily determinable fair values that were adjusted based on observable price changes in orderly transactions from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (measurement alternative). Of the $802 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022, $754 million related to equity securities adjusted based on the measurement alternative. These equity securities are classified as level 3 due to the infrequency of the observable prices and/or the restrictions on the shares.
(b)Of the $417 million in level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of March 31, 2022, $34 million related to residential real estate loans carried at the net realizable value of the underlying collateral (e.g., collateral-dependent loans). These amounts are classified as level 3 as they are valued using information from broker’s price opinions, appraisals and automated valuation models and discounted based upon the Firm’s experience with actual liquidation values. These discounts ranged from 13% to 51% with a weighted average of 24%.
Nonrecurring fair value changes
The following table presents the total change in value of assets and liabilities for which fair value adjustments have been recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, related to assets and liabilities held at those dates.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Loans$(18)
 
$(33)
Other assets(a)
360 
 
2 
Accounts payable and other liabilities (24)
 
(3)
Total nonrecurring fair value gains/(losses)
$318 $(34)
(a)Included $376 million and $6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, of net gains/(losses) as a result of the measurement alternative.
Refer to Note 11 for further information about the measurement of collateral-dependent loans.

95

Equity securities without readily determinable fair values
The Firm measures certain equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer (i.e., measurement alternative), with such changes recognized in other income.
In its determination of the new carrying values upon observable price changes, the Firm may adjust the prices if deemed necessary to arrive at the Firm’s estimated fair values. Such adjustments may include adjustments to reflect the different rights and obligations of similar securities, and other adjustments that are consistent with the Firm’s valuation techniques for private equity direct investments.
The following table presents the carrying value of equity securities without readily determinable fair values held as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, that are measured under the measurement alternative and the related adjustments recorded during the periods presented for those securities with observable price changes. These securities are included in the nonrecurring fair value tables when applicable price changes are observable.
 Three months ended
 March 31
As of or for the period ended,
(in millions)20222021
Other assets
Carrying value(a)
$4,131 $2,302 
Upward carrying value changes(b)
387 7 
Downward carrying value changes/impairment(c)
(11)(1)
(a)The carrying value as of December 31, 2021 was $3.6 billion. The period-end carrying values reflect cumulative purchases and sales in addition to upward and downward carrying value changes.
(b)The cumulative upward carrying value changes between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2022 were $1.4 billion.
(c)The cumulative downward carrying value changes/impairment between January 1, 2018 and March 31, 2022 were $(380) million.
Included in other assets above is the Firm’s interest in approximately 40 million Visa Class B common shares, recorded at a nominal carrying value. These shares are subject to certain transfer restrictions currently and will be convertible into Visa Class A common shares upon final resolution of certain litigation matters involving Visa. The conversion rate of Visa Class B common shares into Visa Class A common shares is 1.6181 at March 31, 2022, and may be adjusted by Visa depending on developments related to the litigation matters.
96

Additional disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments that are not carried on the Consolidated balance sheets at fair value
The following table presents, by fair value hierarchy classification, the carrying values and estimated fair values at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, of financial assets and liabilities, excluding financial instruments that are carried at fair value on a recurring basis, and their classification within the fair value hierarchy.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value		Carrying
value		Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated
fair value
Financial assets
Cash and due from banks$26.2 $26.2 $— $— $26.2 $26.4 $26.4 $— $— $26.4 
Deposits with banks728.4 728.4 — — 728.4 714.4 714.4 — — 714.4 
Accrued interest and accounts receivable
151.4 — 151.3 0.1 151.4 102.1 — 102.0 0.1 102.1 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
3.5 — 3.5 — 3.5 9.0 — 9.0 — 9.0 
Securities borrowed
137.6 — 137.6 — 137.6 124.6 — 124.6 — 124.6 
Investment securities, held-to-maturity
366.6 177.5 173.0 — 350.5 363.7 183.3 179.3 — 362.6 
Loans, net of allowance for loan losses(a)
1,007.6 — 198.9 814.4 1,013.3 1,002.5 — 202.1 821.1 1,023.2 
Other104.2 — 102.0 2.3 104.3 98.7 — 97.4 1.4 98.8 
Financial liabilities
Deposits$2,550.8 $— $2,550.8 $— $2,550.8 $2,451.0 $— $2,451.0 $— $2,451.0 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
77.7 — 77.7 — 77.7 67.9 — 67.9 — 67.9 
Short-term borrowings
38.4 — 38.4 — 38.4 33.6 — 33.6 — 33.6 
Accounts payable and other liabilities
283.6 — 278.0 5.0 283.0 217.6 — 212.1 4.9 217.0 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
10.1 — 10.1 — 10.1 10.7 — 10.8 — 10.8 
Long-term debt
222.5 — 221.7 3.1 224.8 226.0 — 229.5 3.1 232.6 
(a)Fair value is typically estimated using a discounted cash flow model that incorporates the characteristics of the underlying loans (including principal, contractual interest rate and contractual fees) and other key inputs, including expected lifetime credit losses, interest rates, prepayment rates, and primary origination or secondary market spreads. For certain loans, the fair value is measured based on the value of the underlying collateral. Carrying value of the loan takes into account the loan’s allowance for loan losses, which represents the loan’s expected credit losses over its remaining expected life. The difference between the estimated fair value and carrying value of a loan is generally attributable to changes in market interest rates, including credit spreads, market liquidity premiums and other factors that affect the fair value of a loan but do not affect its carrying value.
The majority of the Firm’s lending-related commitments are not carried at fair value on a recurring basis on the Consolidated balance sheets. The carrying value and the estimated fair value of these wholesale lending-related commitments were as follows for the periods indicated.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Estimated fair value hierarchyEstimated fair value hierarchy
(in billions)
Carrying value(a) (b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Carrying value(a) (b)
Level 1Level 2Level 3Total estimated fair value
Wholesale lending-related commitments
$2.3 $— $— $2.9 $2.9 $2.1 $— $— $2.9 $2.9 
(a)Excludes the current carrying values of the guarantee liability and the offsetting asset, each of which is recognized at fair value at the inception of the guarantees.
(b)Includes the wholesale allowance for lending-related commitments.
The Firm does not estimate the fair value of consumer off-balance sheet lending-related commitments. In many cases, the Firm can reduce or cancel these commitments by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. Refer to page 171 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the valuation of lending-related commitments.
97

Note 3 – Fair value option
The fair value option provides an option to elect fair value as an alternative measurement for selected financial assets, financial liabilities, unrecognized firm commitments, and written loan commitments.
The Firm has elected to measure certain instruments at fair value for several reasons including to mitigate income statement volatility caused by the differences between the measurement basis of elected instruments (e.g., certain instruments that otherwise would be accounted for on an accrual basis) and the associated risk management arrangements that are accounted for on a fair value basis, as well as to better reflect those instruments that are managed on a fair value basis.
The Firm’s election of fair value includes the following instruments:
•Loans purchased or originated as part of securitization warehousing activity, subject to bifurcation accounting, or managed on a fair value basis, including lending-related commitments
•Certain securities financing agreements
•Owned beneficial interests in securitized financial assets that contain embedded credit derivatives, which would otherwise be required to be separately accounted for as a derivative instrument
•Structured notes and other hybrid instruments, which are predominantly financial instruments that contain embedded derivatives, that are issued or transacted as part of client-driven activities
•Certain long-term beneficial interests issued by CIB’s consolidated securitization trusts where the underlying assets are carried at fair value
Changes in fair value under the fair value option election
The following table presents the changes in fair value included in the Consolidated statements of income for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, for items for which the fair value option was elected. The profit and loss information presented below only includes the financial instruments that were elected to be measured at fair value; related risk management instruments, which are required to be measured at fair value, are not included in the table.
Three months ended March 31,
20222021
(in millions)Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair
value recorded (e)
Principal transactionsAll other income
Total changes in fair value recorded (e)
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
$(230)$— $(230)$(12)$— $(12)
Securities borrowed(198)— (198)(70)— (70)
Trading assets:
Debt and equity instruments, excluding loans
344 — 

344 623 
(f)
— 

623 
Loans reported as trading assets:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk(6)— 
 
(6)204 — 
 
204 
Other changes in fair value(11)— 
 
(11)(1)— 
 
(1)
Loans:
Changes in instrument-specific credit risk6 12 
(c)
18 237 1 
(c)
238 
Other changes in fair value(719)(514)
(c)
(1,233)(250)340 
(c)
90 
Other assets11 (3)
(d)
8 19 (19)
(d)
— 
Deposits(a)
402 — 402 167 — 167 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
82 — 82 34 — 34 
Short-term borrowings(a)
302 — 302 (122)— (122)
Trading liabilities(66)— (66)— — — 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs
(1)— (1)— — — 
Other liabilities3 — 3 1 — 1 
Long-term debt(a)(b)
3,960 19 
(c)(d)
3,979 1,247 (5)
(c)(d)
1,242 
(a)Unrealized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk (DVA) for liabilities for which the fair value option has been elected are recorded in OCI, while realized gains/(losses) are recorded in principal transactions revenue. Realized gains/(losses) due to instrument-specific credit risk recorded in principal transactions revenue were $(8) million and $(2) million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)Long-term debt measured at fair value predominantly relates to structured notes. Although the risk associated with the structured notes is actively managed, the gains/(losses) reported in this table do not include the income statement impact of the risk management instruments used to manage such risk.
(c)Reported in mortgage fees and related income.
(d)Reported in other income.
(e)Changes in fair value exclude contractual interest, which is included in interest income and interest expense for all instruments other than certain hybrid financial instruments in CIB. Refer to Note 6 for further information regarding interest income and interest expense.
(f)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
98

Difference between aggregate fair value and aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding
The following table reflects the difference between the aggregate fair value and the aggregate remaining contractual principal balance outstanding as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, for loans, long-term debt and long-term beneficial interests for which the fair value option has been elected.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Contractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstandingContractual principal outstandingFair valueFair value over/(under) contractual principal outstanding
Loans
Nonaccrual loans
Loans reported as trading assets$2,988 $493 $(2,495)$3,263 $546 $(2,717)
Loans1,024 915 (109)918 797 (121)
Subtotal4,012 1,408 (2,604)4,181 1,343 (2,838)
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed
Loans(a)
292 284 (8)293 281 (12)
All other performing loans(b)
Loans reported as trading assets8,908 7,460 (1,448)8,594 7,528 (1,066)
Loans48,378 47,264 (1,114)57,695 57,742 47 
Subtotal57,286 54,724 (2,562)66,289 65,270 (1,019)
Total loans$61,590 $56,416 $(5,174)$70,763 $66,894 $(3,869)
Long-term debt
Principal-protected debt$35,336 
(d)
$30,307 $(5,029)$35,957 
(d)
$33,799 $(2,158)
Nonprincipal-protected debt(c)
NA40,397 NANA41,135 NA
Total long-term debtNA$70,704 NANA$74,934 NA
Long-term beneficial interests
Nonprincipal-protected debt(c)
NA$11 NANA$12 NA
Total long-term beneficial interestsNA$11 NANA$12 NA
(a)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are insured and/or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(b)There were no performing loans that were ninety days or more past due as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(c)Remaining contractual principal is not applicable to nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests. Unlike principal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests, for which the Firm is obligated to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, nonprincipal-protected structured notes and long-term beneficial interests do not obligate the Firm to return a stated amount of principal at maturity, but for structured notes to return an amount based on the performance of an underlying variable or derivative feature embedded in the note. However, investors are exposed to the credit risk of the Firm as issuer for both nonprincipal-protected and principal-protected notes.
(d)Where the Firm issues principal-protected zero-coupon or discount notes, the balance reflects the contractual principal payment at maturity or, if applicable, the contractual principal payment at the Firm’s next call date.
At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the contractual amount of lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected was $11.7 billion and $11.9 billion, respectively, with a corresponding fair value of $56 million and $10 million, respectively. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K, and Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for further information regarding off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments.
99

Structured note products by balance sheet classification and risk component
The following table presents the fair value of structured notes, by balance sheet classification and the primary risk type.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Long-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotalLong-term debtShort-term borrowingsDepositsTotal
Risk exposure
Interest rate$31,470 $99 $5,507 $37,076 $34,127 $1 $4,860 $38,988 
Credit5,756 638 — 6,394 6,352 858 — 7,210 
Foreign exchange3,152 297 200 3,649 3,386 315 1,066 4,767 
Equity28,422 6,761 4,476 39,659 29,317 6,827 5,125 41,269 
Commodity556 — 3 
(a)
559 405 — 3 
(a)
408 
Total structured notes$69,356 $7,795 $10,186 $87,337 $73,587 $8,001 $11,054 $92,642 
(a)Excludes deposits linked to precious metals for which the fair value option has not been elected of $629 million and $692 million for the periods ended March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
100

Note 4 – Derivative instruments
JPMorgan Chase makes markets in derivatives for clients and also uses derivatives to hedge or manage its own risk exposures. Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s use of and accounting policies regarding derivative instruments.
The Firm’s disclosures are based on the accounting treatment and purpose of these derivatives. A limited number of the Firm’s derivatives are designated in hedge
accounting relationships and are disclosed according to the type of hedge (fair value hedge, cash flow hedge, or net investment hedge). Derivatives not designated in hedge accounting relationships include certain derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with specified assets and liabilities (“specified risk management” positions) as well as derivatives used in the Firm’s market-making businesses or for other purposes.

The following table outlines the Firm’s primary uses of derivatives and the related hedge accounting designation or disclosure category.
Type of DerivativeUse of DerivativeDesignation and disclosureAffected
segment or unit		10-Q page reference
Manage specifically identified risk exposures in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate
Hedge fixed rate assets and liabilitiesFair value hedge
Corporate
107-108
•Interest rate
Hedge floating-rate assets and liabilitiesCash flow hedge
Corporate
109
•Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities
Fair value hedge
Corporate
107-108
•Foreign exchange
Hedge foreign currency-denominated forecasted revenue and expense
Cash flow hedge
Corporate
109
•Foreign exchange
Hedge the value of the Firm’s investments in non-U.S. dollar functional currency entities
Net investment hedge
Corporate
109
•Commodity
Hedge commodity inventory
Fair value hedge
CIB, AWM
107-108
Manage specifically identified risk exposures not designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships:
•Interest rate
Manage the risk associated with mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs
Specified risk managementCCB110
•Credit
Manage the credit risk associated with wholesale lending exposures
Specified risk management
CIB110
•Interest rate and foreign exchange
Manage the risk associated with certain other specified assets and liabilities
Specified risk management
Corporate
110
Market-making derivatives and other activities:
•Various
Market-making and related risk management
Market-making and other
CIB110
•Various
Other derivatives
Market-making and other
CIB, AWM, Corporate110
101

Notional amount of derivative contracts
The following table summarizes the notional amount of free-standing derivative contracts outstanding as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
Notional amounts(b)
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Interest rate contracts
Swaps
$31,216 $24,075 
Futures and forwards
3,906 2,520 
Written options
3,257 3,018 
Purchased options
3,398 3,188 
Total interest rate contracts
41,777 32,801 
Credit derivatives(a)
1,504 1,053 
Foreign exchange contracts
Cross-currency swaps
4,124 4,112 
Spot, futures and forwards
8,649 7,679 
Written options
841 741 
Purchased options
823 727 
Total foreign exchange contracts
14,437 13,259 
Equity contracts
Swaps
656 612 
Futures and forwards
149 139 
Written options
705 654 
Purchased options
657 598 
Total equity contracts2,167 2,003 
Commodity contracts
Swaps
221 185 
Spot, futures and forwards
260 188 
Written options
137 135 
Purchased options
108 111 
Total commodity contracts
726 619 
Total derivative notional amounts
$60,611 $49,735 
(a)Refer to the Credit derivatives discussion on page 111 for more information on volumes and types of credit derivative contracts.
(b)Represents the sum of gross long and gross short third-party notional derivative contracts.
While the notional amounts disclosed above give an indication of the volume of the Firm’s derivatives activity, the notional amounts significantly exceed, in the Firm’s view, the possible losses that could arise from such transactions. For most derivative contracts, the notional amount is not exchanged; it is simply a reference amount used to calculate payments.
102

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated balance sheets
The following table summarizes information on derivative receivables and payables (before and after netting adjustments) that are reflected on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, by accounting designation (e.g., whether the derivatives were designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships or not) and contract type.
Free-standing derivative receivables and payables(a)
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
March 31, 2022
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$261,796 $13 $261,809 $23,318 $236,562 $— $236,562 $11,530 
Credit12,605 — 12,605 1,375 11,851 — 11,851 799 
Foreign exchange210,358 487 210,845 19,503 207,071 1,657 208,728 15,661 
Equity72,870 — 72,870 8,642 81,027 — 81,027 15,817 
Commodity53,042 4,480 57,522 20,798 47,621 6,055 53,676 13,996 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities
$610,671 $4,980 $615,651 $73,636 $584,132 $7,712 $591,844 $57,803 
Gross derivative receivablesGross derivative payables
December 31, 2021
(in millions)		Not designated as hedgesDesignated as hedgesTotal derivative receivables
Net derivative receivables(b)
Not designated as hedgesDesignated
as hedges		Total derivative payables
Net derivative payables(b)
Trading assets and liabilities
Interest rate$270,562 

$23 $270,585 $21,974 $240,731 $— $240,731 $8,194 
Credit9,839 — 9,839 1,031 10,912 — 10,912 880 
Foreign exchange169,186 393 169,579 12,625 174,622 1,124 175,746 14,097 
Equity68,631 — 68,631 9,981 79,727 — 79,727 17,233 
Commodity21,233 5,420 26,653 11,470 20,837 7,091 27,928 9,712 
Total fair value of trading assets and liabilities
$539,451 $5,836 $545,287 $57,081 $526,829 $8,215 $535,044 $50,116 
(a)Balances exclude structured notes for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.
(b)As permitted under U.S. GAAP, the Firm has elected to net derivative receivables and derivative payables and the related cash collateral receivables and payables when a legally enforceable master netting agreement exists.
103

Derivatives netting
The following tables present, as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, gross and net derivative receivables and payables by contract and settlement type. Derivative receivables and payables, as well as the related cash collateral from the same counterparty, have been netted on the Consolidated balance sheets where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement. Where such a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, amounts are not eligible for netting on the Consolidated balance sheets, and those derivative receivables and payables are shown separately in the tables below.
In addition to the cash collateral received and transferred that is presented on a net basis with derivative receivables and payables, the Firm receives and transfers additional collateral (financial instruments and cash). These amounts mitigate counterparty credit risk associated with the Firm’s derivative instruments, but are not eligible for net presentation:
•collateral that consists of liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians, which are shown separately as "Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets" in the tables below, up to the fair value exposure amount. For the purpose of this disclosure, the definition of liquid securities is consistent with the definition of high quality liquid assets as defined in the LCR rule;
•the amount of collateral held or transferred that exceeds the fair value exposure at the individual counterparty level, as of the date presented, which is excluded from the tables below; and
•collateral held or transferred that relates to derivative receivables or payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained with respect to the master netting agreement, which is excluded from the tables below.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Gross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative receivablesGross derivative receivablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative receivables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative receivables
Interest rate contracts:
Over-the-counter (“OTC”)$223,414 $(205,472)$17,942 $251,953 $(234,283)$17,670 
OTC–cleared32,056 (31,362)694 14,144 (13,839)305 
Exchange-traded(a)
1,884 (1,657)227 498 (489)9 
Total interest rate contracts257,354 (238,491)18,863 266,595 (248,611)17,984 
Credit contracts:
OTC9,881 (8,732)1,149 8,035 (7,177)858 
OTC–cleared2,559 (2,498)61 1,671 (1,631)40 
Total credit contracts12,440 (11,230)1,210 9,706 (8,808)898 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC206,538 (190,877)15,661 166,185 (156,251)9,934 
OTC–cleared470 (463)7 789 (703)86 
Exchange-traded(a)
13 (2)11 6 — 6 
Total foreign exchange contracts207,021 (191,342)15,679 166,980 (156,954)10,026 
Equity contracts:
OTC30,059 (28,272)1,787 25,704 (23,977)1,727 
Exchange-traded(a)
37,223 (35,956)1,267 36,095 (34,673)1,422 
Total equity contracts67,282 (64,228)3,054 61,799 (58,650)3,149 
Commodity contracts:
OTC31,841 (14,741)17,100 15,063 (6,868)8,195 
OTC–cleared78 (78)— 49 (49)— 
Exchange-traded(a)
21,958 (21,905)53 8,279 (8,266)13 
Total commodity contracts53,877 (36,724)17,153 23,391 (15,183)8,208 
Derivative receivables with appropriate legal opinion
597,974 (542,015)55,959 
(d)
528,471 (488,206)40,265 
(d)
Derivative receivables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained
17,677 17,677 16,816 16,816 
Total derivative receivables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets
$615,651 $73,636 $545,287 $57,081 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(15,166)(10,102)
Net amounts
$58,470 $46,979 
104

March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Gross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet derivative payablesGross derivative payablesAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsNet
derivative payables
U.S. GAAP nettable derivative payables
Interest rate contracts:
OTC$199,222 $(190,721)$8,501 $223,576 $(216,757)$6,819 
OTC–cleared34,473 (33,526)947 15,695 (15,492)203 
Exchange-traded(a)
803 (785)18 292 (288)4 
Total interest rate contracts234,498 (225,032)9,466 239,563 (232,537)7,026 
Credit contracts:
OTC9,179 (8,741)438 9,021 (8,421)600 
OTC–cleared2,375 (2,311)64 1,679 (1,611)68 
Total credit contracts11,554 (11,052)502 10,700 (10,032)668 
Foreign exchange contracts:
OTC204,394 (192,598)11,796 171,610 (160,946)10,664 
OTC–cleared480 (468)12 706 (703)3 
Exchange-traded(a)
13 (1)12 7 — 7 
Total foreign exchange contracts204,887 (193,067)11,820 172,323 (161,649)10,674 
Equity contracts:
OTC33,490 (29,263)4,227 31,379 (27,830)3,549 
Exchange-traded(a)
40,460 (35,947)4,513 40,621 (34,664)5,957 
Total equity contracts73,950 (65,210)8,740 72,000 (62,494)9,506 
Commodity contracts:
OTC24,898 (16,804)8,094 14,874 (9,667)5,207 
OTC–cleared89 (89)— 73 (73)— 
Exchange-traded(a)
24,598 (22,787)1,811 8,954 (8,476)478 
Total commodity contracts49,585 (39,680)9,905 23,901 (18,216)5,685 
Derivative payables with appropriate legal opinion
574,474 (534,041)40,433 
(d)
518,487 (484,928)33,559 
(d)
Derivative payables where an appropriate legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained
17,370 17,370 16,557 16,557 
Total derivative payables recognized on the Consolidated balance sheets
$591,844 $57,803 $535,044 $50,116 
Collateral not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)(c)
(4,627)(5,872)
Net amounts
$53,176 $44,244 
(a)Exchange-traded derivative balances that relate to futures contracts are settled daily.
(b)Includes liquid securities and other cash collateral held at third-party custodians related to derivative instruments where an appropriate legal opinion has been obtained. For some counterparties, the collateral amounts of financial instruments may exceed the derivative receivables and derivative payables balances. Where this is the case, the total amount reported is limited to the net derivative receivables and net derivative payables balances with that counterparty.
(c)Derivative collateral relates only to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
(d)Net derivatives receivable included cash collateral netted of $68.5 billion and $67.6 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. Net derivatives payable included cash collateral netted of $60.6 billion and $64.3 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. Derivative cash collateral relates to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative instruments.
105

Liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of liquidity risk and credit-related contingent features related to the Firm’s derivative contracts.
The following table shows the aggregate fair value of net derivative payables related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives that contain contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade, and the associated collateral the Firm has posted in the normal course of business, at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
OTC and OTC-cleared derivative payables containing downgrade triggers
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Aggregate fair value of net derivative payables
$19,101 $20,114 
Collateral posted18,539 19,402 
The following table shows the impact of a single-notch and two-notch downgrade of the long-term issuer ratings of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries, predominantly JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, related to OTC and OTC-cleared derivative contracts with contingent collateral or termination features that may be triggered upon a ratings downgrade. Derivatives contracts generally require additional collateral to be posted or terminations to be triggered when the predefined threshold rating is breached. A downgrade by a single rating agency that does not result in a rating lower than a preexisting corresponding rating provided by another major rating agency will generally not result in additional collateral (except in certain instances in which additional initial margin may be required upon a ratings downgrade), nor in termination payments requirements. The liquidity impact in the table is calculated based upon a downgrade below the lowest current rating of the rating agencies referred to in the derivative contract.
Liquidity impact of downgrade triggers on OTC and OTC-cleared derivatives
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Single-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgradeSingle-notch downgradeTwo-notch downgrade
Amount of additional collateral to be posted upon downgrade(a)
$252 $1,645 $219 $1,577 
Amount required to settle contracts with termination triggers upon downgrade(b)
91 567 98 787 
(a)Includes the additional collateral to be posted for initial margin.
(b)Amounts represent fair values of derivative payables, and do not reflect collateral posted.
Derivatives executed in contemplation of a sale of the underlying financial asset
In certain instances the Firm enters into transactions in which it transfers financial assets but maintains the economic exposure to the transferred assets by entering into a derivative with the same counterparty in contemplation of the initial transfer. The Firm generally accounts for such transfers as collateralized financing transactions as described in Note 10, but in limited circumstances they may qualify to be accounted for as a sale and a derivative under U.S. GAAP. The amount of such transfers accounted for as a sale where the associated derivative was outstanding was not material at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
106

Impact of derivatives on the Consolidated statements of income
The following tables provide information related to gains and losses recorded on derivatives based on their hedge accounting designation or purpose.
Fair value hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in fair value hedge accounting relationships, as well as pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives and the related hedged items for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Firm includes gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the related hedged item.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(f)
OCI impact
Three months ended March 31, 2022
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(g)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$(7,070)$6,981 $(89)$— $(66)$— 
Foreign exchange(c)
(690)688 (2)(65)(2)145 
Commodity(d)
(176)147 (29)(37)— 
Total$(7,936)$7,816 $(120)$(65)$(105)$145 
Gains/(losses) recorded in income
Income statement impact of
excluded components(f)
OCI impact
Three months ended March 31, 2021
(in millions)		DerivativesHedged itemsIncome statement impactAmortization approachChanges in fair value
Derivatives - Gains/(losses) recorded in OCI(g)
Contract type
Interest rate(a)(b)
$(5,121)$4,837 $(284)$— $(173)$— 
Foreign exchange(c)
(782)
(e)
800 
(e)
18 (78)18 (37)
Commodity(d)
(1,261)1,288 27 — 12 — 
Total$(7,164)$6,925 $(239)$(78)$(143)$(37)
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of the benchmark (e.g., London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR"), Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”)) interest rate risk of fixed-rate long-term debt and AFS securities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Effective January 1, 2022, the Firm updated its presentation in the table above to include the amortization of income/expense associated with the inception hedge accounting adjustment applied to the hedged item; prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation. Excludes the accrual of interest on interest rate swaps and the related hedged items.
(c)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of long-term debt and AFS securities for changes in spot foreign currency rates. Gains and losses related to the derivatives and the hedged items due to changes in foreign currency rates and the income statement impact of excluded components were recorded primarily in principal transactions revenue and net interest income.
(d)Consists of overall fair value hedges of physical commodities inventories that are generally carried at the lower of cost or net realizable value (net realizable value approximates fair value). Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(e)Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.
(f)The assessment of hedge effectiveness excludes certain components of the changes in fair values of the derivatives and hedged items such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts, time values and cross-currency basis spreads. Excluded components may impact earnings either through amortization of the initial amount over the life of the derivative, or through fair value changes recognized in the current period.
(g)Represents the change in value of amounts excluded from the assessment of effectiveness under the amortization approach, predominantly cross-currency basis spreads. The amount excluded at inception of the hedge is recognized in earnings over the life of the derivative.
107

As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the following amounts were recorded on the Consolidated balance sheets related to certain cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that are expected to reverse through the income statement in future periods as an adjustment to yield.
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
March 31, 2022
(in millions)
Active hedging relationships(d)
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$62,197 
(c)
$(2,239)$636 $(1,603)
Liabilities
Long-term debt$191,109 $(11,782)$8,706 $(3,076)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs749 — (1)(1)
Carrying amount of the hedged items(a)(b)
Cumulative amount of fair value hedging adjustments included in the carrying amount of hedged items:
December 31, 2021
(in millions)
Active hedging relationships(d)
Discontinued hedging relationships(d)(e)
Total
Assets
Investment securities - AFS$65,746 
(c)
$417 $661 $1,078 
Liabilities
Long-term debt$195,642 $(1,999)$8,834 $6,835 
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs749 — (1)(1)
(a)Excludes physical commodities with a carrying value of $24.9 billion and $25.7 billion at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, to which the Firm applies fair value hedge accounting. As a result of the application of hedge accounting, these inventories are carried at fair value, thus recognizing unrealized gains and losses in current periods. Since the Firm exits these positions at fair value, there is no incremental impact to net income in future periods.
(b)Excludes hedged items where only foreign currency risk is the designated hedged risk, as basis adjustments related to foreign currency hedges will not reverse through the income statement in future periods. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the carrying amount excluded for AFS securities is $14.6 billion and $14.0 billion, respectively, and for long-term debt is $1.4 billion and $10.8 billion, respectively.
(c)Carrying amount represents the amortized cost, net of allowance if applicable. Refer to Note 9 for additional information.
(d)Positive amounts related to assets represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will reduce net interest income in future periods. Positive (negative) amounts related to liabilities represent cumulative fair value hedge basis adjustments that will increase (reduce) net interest income in future periods.
(e)Represents basis adjustments existing on the balance sheet date associated with hedged items that have been de-designated from qualifying fair value hedging relationships.
108

Cash flow hedge gains and losses
The following tables present derivative instruments, by contract type, used in cash flow hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such derivatives, for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Firm includes the gains/(losses) on the hedging derivative in the same line item in the Consolidated statements of income as the change in cash flows on the related hedged item.
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended March 31, 2022
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI		Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$243 $(3,361)$(3,604)
Foreign exchange(b)
(6)(75)(69)
Total$237 $(3,436)$(3,673)
Derivatives gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
Three months ended March 31, 2021
(in millions)		Amounts reclassified
from AOCI to income		Amounts recorded
in OCI
Total change
in OCI for period
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$237 $(2,761)$(2,998)
Foreign exchange(b)
27 66 39 
Total$264 $(2,695)$(2,959)
(a)Primarily consists of hedges of LIBOR-indexed floating-rate assets and floating-rate liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in net interest income.
(b)Primarily consists of hedges of the foreign currency risk of non-U.S. dollar-denominated revenue and expense. The income statement classification of gains and losses follows the hedged item – primarily noninterest revenue and compensation expense.
The Firm did not experience any forecasted transactions that failed to occur for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Over the next 12 months, the Firm expects that approximately $139 million (after-tax) of net gains recorded in AOCI at March 31, 2022, related to cash flow hedges will be recognized in income. For cash flow hedges that have been terminated, the maximum length of time over which the derivative results recorded in AOCI will be recognized in earnings is approximately eight years, corresponding to the timing of the originally hedged forecasted cash flows. For open cash flow hedges, the maximum length of time over which forecasted transactions are hedged is approximately six years. The Firm’s longer-dated forecasted transactions relate to core lending and borrowing activities.
Net investment hedge gains and losses
The following table presents hedging instruments, by contract type, that were used in net investment hedge accounting relationships, and the pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on such instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Gains/(losses) recorded in income and other comprehensive income/(loss)
20222021
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)
Amounts recorded in
income(a)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Amounts recorded in
income(a)
Amounts recorded in OCI
Foreign exchange derivatives$(131)$338 $(28)$1,200 
(a)Certain components of hedging derivatives are permitted to be excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness, such as forward points on foreign exchange forward contracts. The Firm elects to record changes in fair value of these amounts directly in other income.

109

Gains and losses on derivatives used for specified risk management purposes
The following table presents pre-tax gains/(losses) recorded on a limited number of derivatives, not designated in hedge accounting relationships, that are used to manage risks associated with certain specified assets and liabilities, including certain risks arising from mortgage commitments, warehouse loans, MSRs, wholesale lending exposures, and foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities.
Derivatives gains/(losses)
recorded in income
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Contract type
Interest rate(a)
$(229)$(142)
Credit(b)
33 (40)
Foreign exchange(c)
(82)98 
Total$(278)$(84)
(a)Primarily represents interest rate derivatives used to hedge the interest rate risk inherent in mortgage commitments, warehouse loans and MSRs, as well as written commitments to originate warehouse loans. Gains and losses were recorded predominantly in mortgage fees and related income.
(b)Relates to credit derivatives used to mitigate credit risk associated with lending exposures in the Firm’s wholesale businesses. These derivatives do not include credit derivatives used to mitigate counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables, which is included in gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
(c)Primarily relates to derivatives used to mitigate foreign exchange risk of specified foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Gains and losses were recorded in principal transactions revenue.
Gains and losses on derivatives related to market-making activities and other derivatives
The Firm makes markets in derivatives in order to meet the needs of customers and uses derivatives to manage certain risks associated with net open risk positions from its market-making activities, including the counterparty credit risk arising from derivative receivables. All derivatives not included in the hedge accounting or specified risk management categories above are included in this category. Gains and losses on these derivatives are primarily recorded in principal transactions revenue. Refer to Note 5 for information on principal transactions revenue.
110

Credit derivatives
Refer to Note 5 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a more detailed discussion of credit derivatives. The following tables present a summary of the notional amounts of credit derivatives and credit-related notes the Firm sold and purchased as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The Firm does not use notional amounts of credit derivatives as the primary measure of risk management for such derivatives, because the notional amount does not take into account the probability of the occurrence of a credit event, the recovery value of the reference obligation, or related cash instruments and economic hedges, each of which reduces, in the Firm’s view, the risks associated with such derivatives.
Total credit derivatives and credit-related notes
Maximum payout/Notional amount
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)
Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(640,702)$650,858 $10,156 $1,710 
Other credit derivatives(a)
(91,293)104,184 12,891 14,885 
Total credit derivatives(731,995)755,042 23,047 16,595 
Credit-related notes(b)
— — — 8,844 
Total$(731,995)$755,042 $23,047 $25,439 
Maximum payout/Notional amount
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Protection sold
Protection purchased with identical underlyings(c)
Net protection (sold)/purchased(d)
Other protection purchased(e)
Credit derivatives
Credit default swaps$(443,481)$458,180 $14,699 $2,269 
Other credit derivatives(a)
(56,130)79,586 23,456 

13,435 
Total credit derivatives(499,611)537,766 38,155 15,704 
Credit-related notes(b)
— — — 9,437 
Total$(499,611)$537,766 $38,155 $25,141 
(a)Other credit derivatives predominantly consist of credit swap options and total return swaps.
(b)Represents Other protection purchased by CIB, primarily in its market-making businesses.
(c)Represents the total notional amount of protection purchased where the underlying reference instrument is identical to the reference instrument on protection sold; the notional amount of protection purchased for each individual identical underlying reference instrument may be greater or lower than the notional amount of protection sold.
(d)Does not take into account the fair value of the reference obligation at the time of settlement, which would generally reduce the amount the seller of protection pays to the buyer of protection in determining settlement value.
(e)Represents protection purchased by the Firm on referenced instruments (single-name, portfolio or index) where the Firm has not sold any protection on the identical reference instrument.
The following tables summarize the notional amounts by the ratings, maturity profile, and total fair value, of credit derivatives as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, where JPMorgan Chase is the seller of protection. The maturity profile is based on the remaining contractual maturity of the credit derivative contracts. The ratings profile is based on the rating of the reference entity on which the credit derivative contract is based. The ratings and maturity profile of credit derivatives where JPMorgan Chase is the purchaser of protection are comparable to the profile reflected below.
Protection sold — credit derivatives ratings(a)/maturity profile
March 31, 2022
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal
notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(127,594)$(321,381)$(97,701)$(546,676)$3,464 $(871)$2,593 
Noninvestment-grade(32,074)(116,254)(36,991)(185,319)2,860 (3,337)(477)
Total$(159,668)$(437,635)$(134,692)$(731,995)$6,324 $(4,208)$2,116 
December 31, 2021
(in millions)		<1 year1–5 years>5 yearsTotal
notional amount
Fair value of receivables(b)
Fair value of payables(b)
Net fair value
Risk rating of reference entity
Investment-grade$(91,155)$(255,106)$(29,035)$(375,296)$3,645 $(623)$3,022 
Noninvestment-grade(32,175)(84,851)(7,289)(124,315)2,630 (2,003)627 
Total$(123,330)$(339,957)$(36,324)$(499,611)$6,275 $(2,626)$3,649 
(a)The ratings scale is primarily based on external credit ratings defined by S&P and Moody’s.
(b)Amounts are shown on a gross basis, before the benefit of legally enforceable master netting agreements including cash collateral netting.
111

Note 5 – Noninterest revenue and noninterest expense
Noninterest revenue
Refer to Note 6 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the components of and accounting policies for the Firm’s noninterest revenue.
Investment banking fees
The following table presents the components of investment banking fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Underwriting
Equity$242 $1,062 
Debt974 1,221 
Total underwriting1,216 2,283 
Advisory792 687 
Total investment banking fees
$2,008 $2,970 
Principal transactions
The following table presents all realized and unrealized gains and losses recorded in principal transactions revenue. This table excludes interest income and interest expense on trading assets and liabilities, which are an integral part of the overall performance of the Firm’s client-driven market-making activities in CIB and fund deployment activities in Treasury and CIO. Refer to Note 6 for further information on interest income and interest expense.
Trading revenue is presented primarily by instrument type. The Firm’s client-driven market-making businesses generally utilize a variety of instrument types in connection with their market-making and related risk-management activities; accordingly, the trading revenue presented in the table below is not representative of the total revenue of any individual LOB.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Trading revenue by instrument type
Interest rate(a)
$469 $923 

Credit(b)
457 1,270 
Foreign exchange1,324 998 
Equity2,255 2,657 
Commodity747 549 
Total trading revenue5,252 6,397 
Private equity gains/(losses)
(147)103 
Principal transactions
$5,105 $6,500 
(a)Includes the impact of changes in funding valuation adjustments on derivatives.
(b)Includes the impact of changes in credit valuation adjustments on derivatives, net of the associated hedging activities.




Lending- and deposit-related fees
The following table presents the components of lending- and deposit-related fees.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Lending-related fees$362 $358 
Deposit-related fees1,477 1,329 
Total lending- and deposit-related fees
$1,839 $1,687 
Asset management, administration and commissions
The following table presents the components of asset management, administration and commissions.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Asset management fees
Investment management fees(a)
$3,562 $3,257 
All other asset management fees(b)
90 94 
Total asset management fees
3,652 3,351 
Total administration fees(c)
633 633 
Commissions and other fees
Brokerage commissions(d)
810 800 
All other commissions and fees267 245 
Total commissions and fees
1,077 1,045 
Total asset management, administration and commissions
$5,362 $5,029 
(a)Represents fees earned from managing assets on behalf of the Firm’s clients, including investors in Firm-sponsored funds and owners of separately managed investment accounts.
(b)Represents fees for services that are ancillary to investment management services, such as commissions earned on the sales or distribution of mutual funds to clients.
(c)Predominantly includes fees for custody, securities lending, funds services and securities clearance.
(d)Represents commissions earned when the Firm acts as a broker, by facilitating its clients’ purchases and sales of securities and other financial instruments.
Card income
The following table presents the components of card income.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Interchange and merchant processing income
$6,235 $4,868 
Rewards costs and partner payments(4,870)(3,534)
Other card income(a)
(390)16 
Total card income
$975 $1,350 
(a)Predominantly represents the amortization of account origination costs and annual fees.
Refer to Note 14 for further information on mortgage fees and related income.
Refer to Note 16 for information on operating lease income included within other income.

112

Noninterest expense
Other expense
Other expense on the Firm’s Consolidated statements of income includes the following:
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Legal expense$119 $28 
Note 6 – Interest income and Interest expense
Refer to Note 7 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding interest income and interest expense.
The following table presents the components of interest income and interest expense.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Interest income
Loans(a)
$10,633 $10,187 
Taxable securities1,979 1,605 
Non-taxable securities(b)
245 277 
Total investment securities(a)
2,224 1,882 
Trading assets - debt instruments1,767 1,782 
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements397 233 
Securities borrowed(c)
(87)

(77)
Deposits with banks238 65 
All other interest-earning assets(d)
324 199 
Total interest income$15,496 $14,271 
Interest expense
Interest-bearing deposits$182 $146 
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements117 15 
Short-term borrowings(e)
40 33 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities(c)(f)
191 27 
Long-term debt1,076 1,134 
Beneficial interest issued by consolidated VIEs18 27 
Total interest expense$1,624 $1,382 
Net interest income$13,872 $12,889 
Provision for credit losses1,463 (4,156)
Net interest income after provision for credit losses$12,409 $17,045 
(a)Includes the amortization/accretion of unearned income (e.g., purchase premiums/discounts and net deferred fees/costs).
(b)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(c)Negative interest income is related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(d)Includes interest earned on brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(e)Includes commercial paper.
(f)All other interest-bearing liabilities includes interest expense on brokerage-related customer payables.
113

Note 7 – Pension and other postretirement employee benefit plans
Refer to Note 8 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s pension and OPEB plans.
The following table presents the net periodic benefit costs reported in the Consolidated statements of income for the Firm’s defined benefit pension, defined contribution and OPEB plans.
(in millions)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Pension and OPEB plans
Total net periodic defined benefit plan cost/(credit)(64)(59)
Total defined contribution plans
344 321 
Total pension and OPEB cost included in noninterest expense
$280 $262 
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the fair values of plan assets for the Firm’s defined benefit pension and OPEB plans were $23.7 billion and $25.7 billion, respectively.
114

Note 8 – Employee share-based incentives
Refer to Note 9 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the accounting policies and other information relating to employee share-based incentives.
The Firm recognized the following noncash compensation expense related to its various employee share-based incentive plans in its Consolidated statements of income.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Cost of prior grants of restricted stock units ("RSUs"), performance share units (“PSUs”) and stock appreciation rights ("SARs") that are amortized over their applicable vesting periods$271 $356 
Accrual of estimated costs of share-based awards to be granted in future periods, predominantly those to full-career eligible employees535 548 
Total noncash compensation expense related to employee share-based incentive plans
$806 $904 
In the first quarter of 2022, in connection with its annual incentive grant for the 2021 performance year, the Firm granted 19 million RSUs and 720 thousand PSUs with weighted-average grant date fair values of $151.06 per RSU and $149.99 per PSU.
115

Note 9 – Investment securities
Investment securities consist of debt securities that are classified as AFS or HTM. Debt securities classified as trading assets are discussed in Note 2. Predominantly all of the Firm’s AFS and HTM securities are held by Treasury and CIO in connection with its asset-liability management activities. At March 31, 2022, the investment securities portfolio consisted of debt securities with an average credit rating of AA+ (based upon external ratings where available, and where not available, based primarily upon internal risk ratings).
In April 2022, the Firm transferred $65.9 billion of investment securities from AFS to HTM for capital management purposes. AOCI included pretax unrealized losses of $4.7 billion on the securities at the date of transfer.
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information regarding the investment securities portfolio.
The amortized costs and estimated fair values of the investment securities portfolio were as follows for the dates indicated.
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)
Amortized cost(b)(c)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Amortized cost(b)(c)
Gross unrealized gainsGross unrealized lossesFair value
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$94,270 $311 $4,681 $89,900 $72,800 $736 $993 $72,543 
Residential:
U.S.1,970 3 39 1,934 2,128 38 2 2,164 
Non-U.S.3,572 15 6 3,581 3,882 25 1 3,906 
Commercial5,013 — 108 4,905 4,944 22 17 4,949 
Total mortgage-backed securities104,825 329 4,834 100,320 83,754 821 1,013 83,562 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies170,683 417 5,138 165,962 178,038 668 1,243 177,463 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities14,561 377 152 14,786 14,890 972 2 15,860 
Non-U.S. government debt securities16,463 58 220 16,301 16,163 92 46 16,209 
Corporate debt securities376 — 20 356 332 8 19 321 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations10,554 4 85 10,473 9,674 6 18 9,662 
Other4,660 35 18 4,677 5,403 47 2 5,448 
Total available-for-sale securities322,122 1,220 10,467 312,875 308,254 2,614 2,343 308,525 
Held-to-maturity securities(a)
Mortgage-backed securities:
U.S. GSEs and government agencies98,079 258 5,117 93,220 102,556 1,400 853 103,103 
U.S. Residential9,377 1 462 8,916 7,316 1 106 7,211 
Commercial5,378 6 278 5,106 3,730 11 54 3,687 
Total mortgage-backed securities112,834 265 5,857 107,242 113,602 1,412 1,013 114,001 
U.S. Treasury and government agencies187,240 — 9,750 177,490 185,204 169 2,103 183,270 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities14,812 124 492 14,444 13,985 453 44 14,394 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations49,569 25 375 49,219 48,869 75 22 48,922 
Other2,130 2 33 2,099 2,047 1 7 2,041 
Total held-to-maturity securities366,585 416 16,507 350,494 363,707 2,110 3,189 362,628 
Total investment securities, net of allowance for credit losses$688,707 $1,636 $26,974 $663,369 $671,961 $4,724 $5,532 $671,153 
(a)The Firm purchased $13.2 billion and $31.3 billion of HTM securities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)The amortized cost of investment securities is reported net of allowance for credit losses of $41 million and $42 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(c)Excludes $2.0 billion and $1.9 billion of accrued interest receivables at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Firm did not reverse through interest income any accrued interest receivables for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further discussion of accounting policies for accrued interest receivables on investment securities.
116

AFS securities impairment
The following tables present the fair value and gross unrealized losses by aging category for AFS securities at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. The tables exclude U.S. Treasury and government agency securities and U.S. GSE and government agency MBS with unrealized losses of $9.8 billion and $2.2 billion, at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively; changes in the value of these securities are generally driven by changes in interest rates rather than changes in their credit profile given the explicit or implicit guarantees provided by the U.S. government.
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.
$1,593 $38 $42 $1 $1,635 $39 
Non-U.S.2,349 6 — — 2,349 6 
Commercial4,406 86 336 22 4,742 108 
Total mortgage-backed securities8,348 130 378 23 8,726 153 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities1,456 152 — — 1,456 152 
Non-U.S. government debt securities8,631 157 916 63 9,547 220 
Corporate debt securities264 3 45 17 309 20 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations8,561 73 1,331 12 9,892 85 
Other2,900 15 156 3 3,056 18 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$30,160 $530 $2,826 $118 $32,986 $648 
Available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses
Less than 12 months12 months or more
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Fair valueGross
unrealized losses		Total fair valueTotal gross unrealized losses
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities:
Residential:
U.S.$303 $1 $45 $1 $348 $2 
Non-U.S.133 1 — — 133 1 
Commercial2,557 5 349 12 2,906 17 
Total mortgage-backed securities2,993 7 394 13 3,387 20 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities120 2 — — 120 2 
Non-U.S. government debt securities5,060 37 510 9 5,570 46 
Corporate debt securities166 1 46 18 212 19 
Asset-backed securities:
Collateralized loan obligations8,110 18 208 — 8,318 18 
Other89 — 178 2 267 2 
Total available-for-sale securities with gross unrealized losses$16,538 $65 $1,336 $42 $17,874 $107 
117

HTM securities – credit risk
Credit quality indicator
The primary credit quality indicator for HTM securities is the risk rating assigned to each security. At both March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, all HTM securities were rated investment grade and were current and accruing, with approximately 98% rated at least AA+.
Allowance for credit losses on investment securities
The allowance for credit losses on investment securities was $41 million and $94 million as of March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further discussion of accounting policies for AFS and HTM securities.
Selected impacts of investment securities on the Consolidated statements of income
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Realized gains$13 $237 
Realized losses(407)(223)
Investment securities gains/(losses)$(394)$14 
Provision for credit losses$(1)$16 
118

Contractual maturities and yields
The following table presents the amortized cost and estimated fair value at March 31, 2022, of JPMorgan Chase’s investment securities portfolio by contractual maturity.
By remaining maturity March 31, 2022 (in millions)Due in one
year or less		Due after one year through five yearsDue after five years through 10 years
Due after
10 years(b)
Total
Available-for-sale securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$5 $3,740 $4,314 $96,768 $104,827 
Fair value5 3,599 4,467 92,249 100,320 
Average yield(a)
0.27 %1.61 %1.93 %2.49 %2.43 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$11,814 $136,391 $14,640 $7,838 $170,683 
Fair value11,803 132,200 13,921 8,038 165,962 
Average yield(a)
0.83 %0.59 %1.20 %0.85 %0.67 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$13 $144 $1,408 $12,996 $14,561 
Fair value13 145 1,439 13,189 14,786 
Average yield(a)
4.09 %4.58 %4.84 %4.90 %4.89 %
Non-U.S. government debt securities
Amortized cost$6,901 $5,305 $3,453 $804 $16,463 
Fair value6,907 5,276 3,313 805 16,301 
Average yield(a)
2.67 %2.58 %1.12 %1.09 %2.24 %
Corporate debt securities
Amortized cost$— $362 $14 $— $376 
Fair value— 342 14 — 356 
Average yield(a)
— %11.08 %1.25 %— %10.71 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$2,000 $881 $3,155 $9,178 $15,214 
Fair value1,999 875 3,145 9,131 15,150 
Average yield(a)
1.48 %1.89 %1.34 %1.59 %1.54 %
Total available-for-sale securities
Amortized cost$20,733 $146,823 $26,984 $127,584 $322,124 
Fair value20,727 142,437 26,299 123,412 312,875 
Average yield(a)
1.51 %0.73 %1.51 %2.56 %1.57 %
Held-to-maturity securities
Mortgage-backed securities
Amortized cost$— $1,435 $11,279 $100,127 $112,841 
Fair value— 1,379 10,774 95,089 107,242 
Average yield(a)
— %1.88 %2.38 %2.82 %2.77 %
U.S. Treasury and government agencies
Amortized cost$29,406 $91,162 $66,672 $— $187,240 
Fair value29,221 86,797 61,472 — 177,490 
Average yield(a)
0.58 %0.74 %1.26 %— %0.90 %
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities
Amortized cost$34 $76 $1,519 $13,215 $14,844 
Fair value34 72 1,526 12,812 14,444 
Average yield(a)
3.75 %2.78 %3.79 %3.82 %3.81 %
Asset-backed securities
Amortized cost$— $— $13,503 $38,196 $51,699 
Fair value— — 13,475 37,843 51,318 
Average yield(a)
— %— %1.30 %1.37 %1.35 %
Total held-to-maturity securities
Amortized cost$29,440 $92,673 $92,973 $151,538 $366,624 
Fair value29,255 88,248 87,247 145,744 350,494 
Average yield(a)
0.59 %0.76 %1.44 %2.54 %1.66 %
(a)Average yield is computed using the effective yield of each security owned at the end of the period, weighted based on the amortized cost of each security. The effective yield considers the contractual coupon, amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts, and the effect of related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable. The effective yield excludes unscheduled principal prepayments; and accordingly, actual maturities of securities may differ from their contractual or expected maturities as certain securities may be prepaid. However, for certain callable debt securities, the average yield is calculated to the earliest call date.
(b)Substantially all of the Firm’s U.S. residential MBS and collateralized mortgage obligations are due in 10 years or more, based on contractual maturity. The estimated weighted-average life, which reflects anticipated future prepayments, is approximately 7 years for agency residential MBS, 4 years for agency residential collateralized mortgage obligations and 5 years for nonagency residential collateralized mortgage obligations.
119

Note 10 – Securities financing activities
Refer to Note 11 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of accounting policies relating to securities financing activities. Refer to Note 3 for further information regarding securities borrowed and securities lending agreements for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 23 for further information regarding assets pledged and collateral received in securities financing agreements.
The table below summarizes the gross and net amounts of the Firm’s securities financing agreements as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. When the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to a master netting agreement with a counterparty and where other relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP are met, the Firm nets, on the Consolidated balance sheets, the balances outstanding under its securities financing agreements with the same counterparty. In addition, the Firm exchanges securities and/or cash collateral with its counterparty to reduce the economic exposure with the counterparty, but
such collateral is not eligible for net Consolidated balance sheet presentation. Where the Firm has obtained an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the counterparty master netting agreement, such collateral, along with securities financing balances that do not meet all these relevant netting criteria under U.S. GAAP, is presented in the table below as “Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets,” and reduces the “Net amounts” presented. Where a legal opinion has not been either sought or obtained, the securities financing balances are presented gross in the “Net amounts” below. In transactions where the Firm is acting as the lender in a securities-for-securities lending agreement and receives securities that can be pledged or sold as collateral, the Firm recognizes the securities received at fair value within other assets and the obligation to return those securities within accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
March 31, 2022
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements
$637,234 $(335,359)$301,875 $(289,272)$12,603 
Securities borrowed
269,303 (44,451)224,852 (168,087)56,765 
Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$553,011 $(335,359)$217,652 $(189,969)$27,683 
Securities loaned and other(a)
57,991 (44,451)13,540 (13,209)331 
December 31, 2021
(in millions)Gross amountsAmounts netted on the Consolidated balance sheetsAmounts presented on the Consolidated balance sheets
Amounts not nettable on the Consolidated balance sheets(b)
Net
amounts(c)
Assets
Securities purchased under resale agreements
$604,724 $(343,093)$261,631 $(245,588)$16,043 
Securities borrowed
250,333 (44,262)206,071 (154,599)51,472 
Liabilities
Securities sold under repurchase agreements$532,899 $(343,093)$189,806 $(166,456)$23,350 
Securities loaned and other(a)
52,610 (44,262)8,348 (8,133)215 
(a)Includes securities-for-securities lending agreements of $8.0 billion and $5.6 billion at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, accounted for at fair value, where the Firm is acting as lender.
(b)In some cases, collateral exchanged with a counterparty exceeds the net asset or liability balance with that counterparty. In such cases, the amounts reported in this column are limited to the related net asset or liability with that counterparty.
(c)Includes securities financing agreements that provide collateral rights, but where an appropriate legal opinion with respect to the master netting agreement has not been either sought or obtained. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, included $8.6 billion and $13.9 billion, respectively, of securities purchased under resale agreements; $50.6 billion and $46.4 billion, respectively, of securities borrowed; $26.0 billion and $21.6 billion, respectively, of securities sold under repurchase agreements; and $185 million and $198 million, respectively, of securities loaned and other.
120

The tables below present as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021 the types of financial assets pledged in securities financing agreements and the remaining contractual maturity of the securities financing agreements.
Gross liability balance
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
 (in millions)Securities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and otherSecurities sold under repurchase agreementsSecurities loaned and other
Mortgage-backed securities
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$33,274 $— $37,046 $— 
Residential - nonagency1,169 — 1,508 — 
Commercial - nonagency1,443 — 1,463 — 
U.S. Treasury, GSEs and government agencies240,145 2,193 241,578 358 
Obligations of U.S. states and municipalities2,274 7 1,916 7 
Non-U.S. government debt189,535 2,134 174,971 1,572 
Corporate debt securities46,671 2,783 38,180 1,619 
Asset-backed securities1,345 5 1,211 — 
Equity securities37,155 50,869 35,026 49,054 
Total
$553,011 $57,991 $532,899 $52,610 
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
Overnight and continuousGreater than
90 days
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Up to 30 days30 – 90 daysTotal
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$220,217 $205,272 $57,245 $70,277 $553,011 
Total securities loaned and other56,975 124 489 403 57,991 
Remaining contractual maturity of the agreements
Overnight and continuousGreater than
90 days
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Up to 30 days30 – 90 daysTotal
Total securities sold under repurchase agreements$195,035 $231,171 $47,201 $59,492 $532,899 
Total securities loaned and other50,034 1,701 — 875 52,610 
Transfers not qualifying for sale accounting
At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Firm held $415 million and $440 million, respectively, of financial assets for which the rights have been transferred to third parties; however, the transfers did not qualify as a sale in accordance with U.S. GAAP. These transfers have been recognized as collateralized financing transactions. The transferred assets are recorded in trading assets and loans, and the corresponding liabilities are recorded predominantly in short-term borrowings on the Consolidated balance sheets.
121

Note 11 – Loans
Loan accounting framework
The accounting for a loan depends on management’s strategy for the loan. The Firm accounts for loans based on the following categories:
•Originated or purchased loans held-for-investment (i.e., “retained”)
•Loans held-for-sale
•Loans at fair value
Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of loans, including accounting policies. Refer to Note 3 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the Firm's elections of fair value accounting under the fair value option. Refer to Note 2 of this Form 10-Q for information on loans carried at fair value and classified as trading assets.
Loan portfolio
The Firm’s loan portfolio is divided into three portfolio segments, which are the same segments used by the Firm to determine the allowance for loan losses: Consumer, excluding credit card; Credit card; and Wholesale. Within each portfolio segment the Firm monitors and assesses the credit risk in the following classes of loans, based on the risk characteristics of each loan class.
Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit card
Wholesale(c)(d)
• Residential real estate(a)
• Auto and other(b)
• Credit card loans
• Secured by real estate
• Commercial and industrial
• Other(e)
(a)Includes scored mortgage and home equity loans held in CCB and AWM, and scored mortgage loans held in CIB and Corporate.
(b)Includes scored auto and business banking loans and overdrafts.
(c)Includes loans held in CIB, CB, AWM, Corporate as well as risk-rated loans held in CCB, including business banking and auto dealer loans for which the wholesale methodology is applied when determining the allowance for loan losses.
(d)The wholesale portfolio segment's classes align with loan classifications as defined by the bank regulatory agencies, based on the loan's collateral, purpose, and type of borrower.
(e)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.
The following tables summarize the Firm’s loan balances by portfolio segment.
March 31, 2022Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
(in millions)
Retained$296,161 $152,283 $569,953 $1,018,397 
Held-for-sale808 — 5,617 6,425 
At fair value15,520 — 32,943 48,463 
Total$312,489 $152,283 $608,513 $1,073,285 
December 31, 2021Consumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesale
Total(a)(b)
(in millions)
Retained$295,556 $154,296 $560,354 $1,010,206 
Held-for-sale1,287 — 7,401 8,688 
At fair value26,463 — 32,357 58,820 
Total$323,306 $154,296 $600,112 $1,077,714 
(a)Excludes $2.8 billion and $2.7 billion of accrued interest receivables at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Firm wrote off accrued interest receivables of $12 million and $13 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(b)Loans (other than those for which the fair value option has been elected) are presented net of unamortized discounts and premiums and net deferred loan fees or costs. These amounts were not material as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.


122

The following tables provide information about the carrying value of retained loans purchased, sold and reclassified to held-for-sale during the periods indicated. Loans that were reclassified to held-for-sale and sold in a subsequent period are excluded from the sales line of this table.
20222021
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotal
Purchases$119 
(b)(c)
$— $166 $285 $191 
(b)(c)
$— $226 $417 
Sales47 — 9,707 9,754 181 — 5,730 5,911 
Retained loans reclassified to held-for-sale(a)
76 — 273 349 162 

— 772 934 
(a)Reclassifications of loans to held-for-sale are non-cash transactions.
(b)Predominantly includes purchases of residential real estate loans, including the Firm’s voluntary repurchases of certain delinquent loans from loan pools as permitted by Government National Mortgage Association (“Ginnie Mae”) guidelines for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. The Firm typically elects to repurchase these delinquent loans as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with applicable requirements of Ginnie Mae, FHA, RHS, and/or VA.
(c)Excludes purchases of retained loans of $3.2 billion and $7.0 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, which are predominantly sourced through the correspondent origination channel and underwritten in accordance with the Firm’s standards.
Gains and losses on sales of loans
Net gains/(losses) on sales of loans and lending-related commitments (including adjustments to record loans and lending-related commitments held-for-sale at the lower of cost or fair value) recognized in noninterest revenue for the three months ended March 31, 2022 was $38 million of which $34 million related to loans. Net gains on sales of loans and lending-related commitments was $132 million for the three months ended March 31, 2021 of which $135 million related to loans. In addition, the sale of loans may also result in write downs, recoveries or changes in the allowance recognized in the provision for credit losses.
Loan modifications
The majority of the Firm's COVID-19 related loan modifications were not considered TDRs. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on the Firm's accounting policies for loan modifications.

123

Consumer, excluding credit card loan portfolio
Consumer loans, excluding credit card loans, consist primarily of scored residential mortgages, home equity loans and lines of credit, auto and business banking loans, with a focus on serving the prime consumer credit market. The portfolio also includes home equity loans secured by junior liens, prime mortgage loans with an interest-only payment period and certain payment-option loans that may result in negative amortization.
The following table provides information about retained consumer loans, excluding credit card, by class.
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Residential real estate$227,926 $224,795 
Auto and other(a)
68,235 70,761 
Total retained loans$296,161 $295,556 
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, included $2.9 billion and $5.4 billion of loans, respectively, in Business Banking under the PPP.
Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for consumer loans. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on consumer credit quality indicators.



124

Residential real estate
The following tables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained residential real estate loans.
(in millions, except ratios)March 31, 2022
Term loans by origination year(d)
Revolving loansTotal
20222021202020192018Prior to 2018Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current$12,972$69,009$46,191$17,016$7,207$56,403$5,981$11,186$225,965
30–149 days past due
—139132363012164864
150 or more days past due
—19171581282351,097
Total retained loans
$12,972$69,023$46,209$17,046$7,245$57,845$6,001$11,585$227,926
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(c)
— %0.02 %0.04 %0.18 %0.52 %2.43 %0.33 %3.44 %0.85 %
(in millions, except ratios)December 31, 2021
Term loans by origination year(d)
Revolving loansTotal
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loans
Loan delinquency(a)(b)
Current$68,742$48,334$18,428$7,929$11,684$49,147$6,392$11,807$222,463
30–149 days past due
132327272257811182883
150 or more days past due
—112125331,06962841,449
Total retained loans
$68,755$48,368$18,476$7,981$11,739$50,794$6,409$12,273$224,795
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(c)
0.02 %0.07 %0.26 %0.65 %0.47 %3.18 %0.27 %3.80 %1.02 %
(a)Individual delinquency classifications include mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies as follows: current included $30 million and $35 million; 30–149 days past due included $13 million and $11 million; and 150 or more days past due included $22 million and $20 million at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(b)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic which are still within their deferral period and performing according to their modified terms are generally not considered delinquent.
(c)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, residential real estate loans excluded mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $35 million and $31 million, respectively, that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the government guarantee.
(d)Purchased loans are included in the year in which they were originated.
Approximately 37% of the total revolving loans are senior lien loans; the remaining balance are junior lien loans. The lien position the Firm holds is considered in the Firm’s allowance for credit losses. Revolving loans that have been converted to term loans have higher delinquency rates than those that are still within the revolving period. That is primarily because the fully-amortizing payment that is generally required for those products is higher than the minimum payment options available for revolving loans within the revolving period.
125

Nonaccrual loans and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained residential real estate loans.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)(d)
$4,375 $4,759 
90 or more days past due and government guaranteed(e)
27 24 
Current estimated LTV ratios(f)(g)(h)
Greater than 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660$3 $2 
Less than 6602 2 
101% to 125% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 66024 37 
Less than 6609 15 
80% to 100% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 6602,523 2,701 
Less than 66078 89 
Less than 80% and refreshed FICO scores:
Equal to or greater than 660214,298 209,295 
Less than 6609,201 9,658 
No FICO/LTV available1,723 2,930 
U.S. government-guaranteed
65 66 
Total retained loans
$227,926 $224,795 
Weighted average LTV ratio(f)(i)
50 %50 %
Weighted average FICO(g)(i)
767 765 
Geographic region(j)
California$71,174 $71,383 
New York33,218 32,545 
Florida17,021 16,182 
Texas14,273 13,865 
Illinois11,453 11,565 
Colorado9,159 8,885 
Washington8,392 8,292 
New Jersey6,887 6,832 
Massachusetts6,230 6,105 
Connecticut5,307 5,242 
All other(k)
44,812 43,899 
Total retained loans
$227,926 $224,795 
(a)Includes collateral-dependent residential real estate loans that are charged down to the fair value of the underlying collateral less costs to sell. The Firm reports, in accordance with regulatory guidance, residential real estate loans that have been discharged under Chapter 7 bankruptcy and not reaffirmed by the borrower (“Chapter 7 loans”) as collateral-dependent nonaccrual TDRs, regardless of their delinquency status. At March 31, 2022, approximately 5% of Chapter 7 residential real estate loans were 30 days or more past due.
(b)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to charge down, the related allowance may be negative.
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was $45 million for both the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(d)Generally excludes loans under payment deferral programs offered in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
(e)These balances are excluded from nonaccrual loans as the loans are guaranteed by U.S government agencies. Typically the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting agreed-upon servicing guidelines. At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, these balances were no longer accruing interest based on the agreed-upon servicing guidelines. There were no loans that were not guaranteed by U.S. government agencies that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(f)Represents the aggregate unpaid principal balance of loans divided by the estimated current property value. Current property values are estimated, at a minimum, quarterly, based on home valuation models using nationally recognized home price index valuation estimates incorporating actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. Current estimated combined LTV for junior lien home equity loans considers all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property.
(g)Refreshed FICO scores represent each borrower’s most recent credit score, which is obtained by the Firm on at least a quarterly basis.
(h)Includes residential real estate loans, primarily held in LLCs in AWM that did not have a refreshed FICO score. These loans have been included in a FICO band based on management’s estimation of the borrower’s credit quality.
(i)Excludes loans with no FICO and/or LTV data available.
(j)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2022.
(k)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, included mortgage loans insured by U.S. government agencies of $65 million and $66 million, respectively. These amounts have been excluded from the geographic regions presented based upon the government guarantee.
126

Loan modifications
Modifications of residential real estate loans where the Firm grants concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty are generally accounted for and reported as TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs. The carrying value of new TDRs was $118 million and $251 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There were no additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose residential real estate loans have been modified in TDRs.
Nature and extent of modifications
The Firm’s proprietary modification programs as well as government programs, including U.S. GSE programs, generally provide various concessions to financially troubled borrowers including, but not limited to, interest rate reductions, term or payment extensions and delays of principal and/or interest payments that would otherwise have been required under the terms of the original agreement. The following table provides information about how residential real estate loans were modified in TDRs under the Firm’s loss mitigation programs described above during the periods presented. This table excludes Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt and loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions.
Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Number of loans approved for a trial modification
1,526 1,401 
Number of loans permanently modified
1,542 1,714 
Concession granted:(a)
Interest rate reduction
64 %72 %
Term or payment extension
77 40 
Principal and/or interest deferred
13 31 
Principal forgiveness1 4 
Other(b)
27 51 
(a)Represents concessions granted in permanent modifications as a percentage of the number of loans permanently modified. The sum of the percentages exceeds 100% because predominantly all of the modifications include more than one type of concession. Concessions offered on trial modifications are generally consistent with those granted on permanent modifications.
(b)Includes variable interest rate to fixed interest rate modifications and payment delays that meet the definition of a TDR.
















127

Financial effects of modifications and redefaults
The following table provides information about the financial effects of the various concessions granted in modifications of residential real estate loans under the loss mitigation programs described above and about redefaults of certain loans modified in TDRs for the periods presented. The following table presents only the financial effects of permanent modifications and do not include temporary concessions offered through trial modifications. This table also excludes Chapter 7 loans where the sole concession granted is the discharge of debt and loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions.
(in millions, except weighted-average data)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – before TDR
4.43 %4.57 %
Weighted-average interest rate of loans with interest rate reductions – after TDR
3.31 2.91 
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – before TDR
2324
Weighted-average remaining contractual term (in years) of loans with term or payment extensions – after TDR
3939
Charge-offs recognized upon permanent modification
$— $— 
Principal deferred
7 12 
Principal forgiven
1 1 
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of permanent modification(a)
$43 $24 
(a)Represents loans permanently modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The dollar amounts presented represent the balance of such loans at the end of the reporting period in which such loans defaulted. For residential real estate loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to occur when the loan becomes two contractual payments past due. In the event that a modified loan redefaults, it will generally be liquidated through foreclosure or another similar type of liquidation transaction. Redefaults of loans modified within the last twelve months may not be representative of ultimate redefault levels.
At March 31, 2022, the weighted-average estimated remaining lives of residential real estate loans permanently modified in TDRs were 5 years. The estimated remaining lives of these loans reflect estimated prepayments, both voluntary and involuntary (i.e., foreclosures and other forced liquidations).
Active and suspended foreclosure
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Firm had residential real estate loans, excluding those insured by U.S. government agencies, with a carrying value of $767 million and $619 million, respectively, that were not included in REO, but were in the process of active or suspended foreclosure.


128

Auto and other
The following tables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained auto and other consumer loans.
March 31, 2022

(in millions, except ratios)		Term Loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20222021202020192018Prior to 2018Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current
$7,272 $30,438 
(b)
$16,259
(b)
$6,435$3,009$1,800$2,223$117$67,553
30–119 days past due62 161 124684034116506
120 or more days past due— — 163——166176
Total retained loans$7,334 $30,599 $16,546$6,503$3,049$1,835$2,240$129$68,235
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(a)
0.85 %0.52 %0.45 %1.05 %1.31 %1.91 %0.76 %9.30 %0.69 %
December 31, 2021

(in millions, except ratios)		Term Loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loan delinquency
Current
$35,323
(c)
$18,324
(c)
$7,443$3,671$1,800$666$2,242$120$69,589
30–119 days past due192720885331211261,123
120 or more days past due—35——115749
Total retained loans$35,515$19,079$7,531$3,724$1,832$688$2,259$133$70,761
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans(a)
0.54 %0.47 %1.17 %1.42 %1.75 %3.20 %0.75 %9.77 %0.71 %
(d)
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, auto and other loans excluded $213 million and $667 million, respectively, of PPP loans guaranteed by the SBA that are 30 or more days past due. These amounts have been excluded based upon the SBA guarantee.
(b)Includes $2.5 billion of loans originated in 2021 and $353 million of loans originated in 2020 in Business Banking under the PPP. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on these loans.
(c)Includes $4.4 billion of loans originated in 2021 and $1.0 billion of loans originated in 2020 in Business Banking under the PPP.
(d)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.

129

Nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on nonaccrual and other credit quality indicators for retained auto and other consumer loans.
(in millions, except ratios)Total Auto and other
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Nonaccrual loans(a)(b)(c)
110 119 
Geographic region(d)
California$10,794 $11,163 
Texas7,725 7,859 
New York5,075 5,848 
Florida4,929 4,901 
Illinois2,785 2,930 
New Jersey2,274 2,355 
Pennsylvania1,936 2,004 
Arizona1,789 1,887 
Louisiana1,771 1,801 
Georgia1,760 1,748 
All other27,397 28,265 
Total retained loans$68,235 $70,761 
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, nonaccrual loans excluded $179 million and $506 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA, of which $163 million and $35 million, respectively, were no longer accruing interest based on the guidelines set by the SBA. Typically the principal balance of the loans is insured and interest is guaranteed at a specified reimbursement rate subject to meeting the guidelines set by the SBA. There were no loans that were not guaranteed by the SBA that are 90 or more days past due and still accruing interest at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
(b)Generally, all consumer nonaccrual loans have an allowance. In accordance with regulatory guidance, certain nonaccrual loans that are considered collateral-dependent have been charged down to the lower of amortized cost or the fair value of their underlying collateral less costs to sell. If the value of the underlying collateral improves subsequent to the charge down, the related allowance may be negative.
(c)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
(d)The geographic regions presented in this table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2022.
Loan modifications
Certain auto and other loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
The impact of these modifications, as well as new TDRs, were not material to the Firm for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021. Additional commitments to lend to borrowers whose loans have been modified in TDRs as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were not material.


130

Credit card loan portfolio
The credit card portfolio segment includes credit card loans originated and purchased by the Firm. Delinquency rates are the primary credit quality indicator for credit card loans.
Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information on the credit card loan portfolio, including credit quality indicators.
The following tables provide information on delinquency, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained credit card loans.

(in millions, except ratios)
March 31, 2022
Within the revolving period
Converted to term loans(a)
Total
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due
and still accruing
$149,811 $817 $150,628 
30–89 days past due and still accruing
780 55 835 
90 or more days past due and still accruing
791 29 820 
Total retained loans$151,382 $901 $152,283 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
1.04 %9.32 %1.09 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans
0.52 3.22 0.54 

(in millions, except ratios)
December 31, 2021
Within the revolving period
Converted to term loans(a)
Total
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due
and still accruing
$151,798 $901 $152,699 
30–89 days past due and still accruing
770 59 829 
90 or more days past due and still accruing
741 27 768 
Total retained loans$153,309 $987 $154,296 
Loan delinquency ratios
% of 30+ days past due to total retained loans
0.99 %8.71 %1.04 %
% of 90+ days past due to total retained loans
0.48 2.74 0.50 
(a)Represents TDRs.
Other credit quality indicators
The following table provides information on other credit quality indicators for retained credit card loans.
(in millions, except ratios)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Geographic region(a)
California$22,865 $23,030 
Texas15,808 15,879 
New York12,539 12,652 
Florida10,388 10,412 
Illinois8,428 8,530 
New Jersey6,273 6,367 
Ohio4,807 4,923 
Colorado4,562 4,573 
Pennsylvania4,548 4,708 
Michigan3,682 3,773 
All other58,383 59,449 
Total retained loans$152,283 $154,296 
Percentage of portfolio based on carrying value with estimated refreshed FICO scores
Equal to or greater than 66087.9 %88.5 %
Less than 66011.9 11.3 
No FICO available0.2 0.2 
(a)The geographic regions presented in the table are ordered based on the magnitude of the corresponding loan balances at March 31, 2022.
131

Loan modifications
The Firm may offer loan modification programs granting concessions to credit card borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. The Firm grants concessions for most of the credit card loans under long-term programs. These modifications involve placing the customer on a fixed payment plan, generally for 60 months, and typically include reducing the interest rate on the credit card. Substantially all modifications under the Firm’s long-term programs are considered to be TDRs. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
If the cardholder does not comply with the modified payment terms, then the credit card loan continues to age and will ultimately be charged-off in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy. In most cases, the Firm does not reinstate the borrower’s line of credit.
Financial effects of modifications and redefaults
The following table provides information about the financial effects of the concessions granted on credit card loans modified in TDRs and redefaults for the periods presented. For all periods disclosed, new enrollments were less than 1% of total retained credit card loans.
(in millions, except
weighted-average data)		Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Balance of new TDRs(a)
$82$143
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – before TDR
18.00 %17.74 %
Weighted-average interest rate of loans – after TDR
4.87 5.23 
Balance of loans that redefaulted within one year of modification(b)
$9$19
(a)Represents the outstanding balance prior to modification.
(b)Represents loans modified in TDRs that experienced a payment default in the periods presented, and for which the payment default occurred within one year of the modification. The amounts presented represent the balance of such loans as of the end of the quarter in which they defaulted.
For credit card loans modified in TDRs, payment default is deemed to have occurred when the borrower misses two consecutive contractual payments. Defaulted modified credit card loans remain in the modification program and continue to be charged off in accordance with the Firm’s standard charge-off policy.
132

Wholesale loan portfolio
Wholesale loans include loans made to a variety of clients, ranging from large corporate and institutional clients, to small businesses and high-net-worth individuals. The primary credit quality indicator for wholesale loans is the internal risk rating assigned to each loan. Refer to Note 12 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on these risk ratings.
The following tables provide information on internal risk rating, which is the primary credit quality indicator for retained wholesale loans.
Secured by real estateCommercial and industrial
Other(b)
Total retained loans
(in millions, except ratios)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade
$94,158 $92,369 $77,254 $75,783 $239,775 $241,859 $411,187 $410,011 
Noninvestment-grade:
Noncriticized
21,982 22,495 68,923 62,039 52,679 52,440 143,584 136,974 
Criticized performing
3,858 3,645 7,872 6,900 1,163 770 12,893 11,315 
Criticized nonaccrual(a)
369 326 1,148 969 772 759 2,289 2,054 
Total noninvestment-grade26,209 26,466 77,943 69,908 54,614 53,969 158,766 150,343 
Total retained loans
$120,367 $118,835 $155,197 $145,691 $294,389 $295,828 $569,953 $560,354 
% of investment-grade to total retained loans
78.23 %77.73 %49.78 %52.02 %81.45 %81.76 %72.14 %73.17 %
% of total criticized to total retained loans
3.51 3.34 5.81 5.40 0.66 0.52 2.66 2.39 
% of criticized nonaccrual to total retained loans
0.31 0.27 0.74 0.67 0.26 0.26 0.40 0.37 
(a)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 nonaccrual loans excluded $57 million and $127 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA, predominantly in commercial and industrial.
(b)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		March 31, 2022
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20222021202020192018Prior to 2018Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$6,743 $23,613 $15,729 $16,493 $7,171 $23,201 $1,200 $8 $94,158 
Noninvestment-grade1,527 5,149 3,534 4,299 3,250 7,973 476 1 26,209 
Total retained loans$8,270 $28,762 $19,263 $20,792 $10,421 $31,174 $1,676 $9 $120,367 
Secured by real estate

(in millions)		December 31, 2021
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$23,346 $16,030 $17,265 $8,103 $7,325 $19,066 $1,226 $8 $92,369 
Noninvestment-grade5,364 3,826 4,564 3,806 2,834 5,613 458 1 26,466 
Total retained loans$28,710 $19,856 $21,829 $11,909 $10,159 $24,679 $1,684 $9 $118,835 


133

Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		March 31, 2022
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20222021202020192018Prior to 2018Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$9,027 $13,819 $5,909 $3,107 $1,125 $1,612 $42,654 $1 $77,254 
(a)
Noninvestment-grade7,209 17,555 6,003 3,819 1,707 1,069 40,505 76 77,943 
Total retained loans
$16,236 $31,374 $11,912 $6,926 $2,832 $2,681 $83,159 $77 $155,197 
Commercial and industrial

(in millions)		December 31, 2021
Term loans by origination year Revolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$21,342 $6,268 $3,609 $1,269 $1,108 $819 $41,367 $1 $75,783 
(b)
Noninvestment-grade19,314 7,112 4,559 2,177 930 430 35,312 74 69,908 
Total retained loans
$40,656 $13,380 $8,168 $3,446 $2,038 $1,249 $76,679 $75 $145,691 
(a)At March 31, 2022, $608 million of the $704 million total PPP loans in the wholesale portfolio were commercial and industrial. Of the $608 million, $411 million were originated in 2021 and $197 million were originated in 2020. PPP loans are guaranteed by the SBA and considered investment-grade. Other than in certain limited circumstances, the Firm typically does not recognize charge-offs, classify as nonaccrual nor record an allowance for loan losses on these loans.
(b)At December 31, 2021, $1.1 billion of the $1.3 billion total PPP loans in the wholesale portfolio were commercial and industrial. Of the $1.1 billion, $698 million were originated in 2021 and $396 million were originated in 2020.

Other(a)

(in millions)		March 31, 2022
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20222021202020192018Prior to 2018Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$14,015 $19,822 $16,545 $5,423 $2,723 $9,698 $168,991 $2,558 $239,775 
Noninvestment-grade6,264 11,273 2,559 1,519 847 649 31,498 5 54,614 
Total retained loans
$20,279 $31,095 $19,104 $6,942 $3,570 $10,347 $200,489 $2,563 $294,389 
Other(a)

(in millions)		December 31, 2021
Term loans by origination yearRevolving loans
20212020201920182017Prior to 2017Within the revolving periodConverted to term loansTotal
Loans by risk ratings
Investment-grade$26,782 $17,829 $6,125 $2,885 $3,868 $7,651 $176,118 $601 $241,859 
Noninvestment-grade16,905 2,399 1,455 935 218 467 31,585 5 53,969 
Total retained loans
$43,687 $20,228 $7,580 $3,820 $4,086 $8,118 $207,703 $606 $295,828 
(a)Includes loans to financial institutions, states and political subdivisions, SPEs, nonprofits, personal investment companies and trusts, as well as loans to individuals and individual entities (predominantly Global Private Bank clients within AWM). Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for more information on SPEs.

134

The following table presents additional information on retained loans secured by real estate, which consists of loans secured wholly or substantially by a lien or liens on real property at origination.

(in millions, except ratios)		MultifamilyOther commercialTotal retained loans secured by real estate
Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Retained loans secured by real estate$75,194 $73,801 $45,173 $45,034 $120,367 $118,835 
Criticized 1,850 1,671 2,377 2,300 4,227 3,971 
% of criticized to total retained loans secured by real estate2.46 %2.26 %5.26 %5.11 %3.51 %3.34 %
Criticized nonaccrual$82 $91 $287 $235 $369 $326 
% of criticized nonaccrual loans to total retained loans secured by real estate
0.11 %0.12 %0.64 %0.52 %0.31 %0.27 %
Geographic distribution and delinquency
The following table provides information on the geographic distribution and delinquency for retained wholesale loans.
Secured by real estateCommercial
 and industrial		OtherTotal
 retained loans
(in millions,
 except ratios)		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Loans by geographic distribution(a)
Total U.S.$117,246 $115,732 $112,021 $106,449 $209,556 $215,750 $438,823 $437,931 
Total non-U.S.3,121 3,103 43,176 39,242 84,833 80,078 131,130 122,423 
Total retained loans$120,367 $118,835 $155,197 $145,691 $294,389 $295,828 

$569,953 $560,354 
Loan delinquency
Current and less than 30 days past due and still accruing
$119,596 $118,163 $152,687 $143,459 $292,146 $293,358 

$564,429 $554,980 
30–89 days past due and still accruing
392 331 1,282 1,193 1,373 1,590 3,047 3,114 
90 or more days past due and still accruing(b)
10 15 80 70 98 121 188 206 
Criticized nonaccrual(c)
369 326 1,148 969 772 759 2,289 2,054 
Total retained loans$120,367 $118,835 $155,197 $145,691 $294,389 $295,828 

$569,953 $560,354 
(a)The U.S. and non-U.S. distribution is determined based predominantly on the domicile of the borrower.
(b)Represents loans that are considered well-collateralized and therefore still accruing interest.
(c)At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 nonaccrual loans excluded $57 million and $127 million, respectively, of PPP loans 90 or more days past due and guaranteed by the SBA, predominantly in commercial and industrial.
Nonaccrual loans
The following table provides information on retained wholesale nonaccrual loans.
 
(in millions)		Secured by real estateCommercial
and industrial		OtherTotal
retained loans
Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Nonaccrual loans
With an allowance$290 $254 $699 $604 $554 $286 $1,543 $1,144 
Without an allowance(a)
79 72 449 365 218 473 746 910 
Total nonaccrual loans(b)
$369 $326 $1,148 $969 $772 $759 $2,289 $2,054 
(a)When the discounted cash flows or collateral value equals or exceeds the amortized cost of the loan, the loan does not require an allowance. This typically occurs when the loans have been partially charged off and/or there have been interest payments received and applied to the loan balance.
(b)Interest income on nonaccrual loans recognized on a cash basis was not material for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Loan modifications
Certain loan modifications are considered to be TDRs as they provide various concessions to borrowers who are experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term or other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs. New TDRs were $418 million and $428 million as of March 31, 2022, and 2021, respectively. New TDRs for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021 reflected extending maturity dates, covenant waivers and the receipt of assets in partial satisfaction of the loan predominantly in the Commercial and Industrial loan class. The impact of these modifications resulting in new TDRs was not material to the Firm for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.

The carrying value of TDRs was $906 million and $607 million as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.
135

Note 12 – Allowance for credit losses
The Firm's allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of expected credit losses over the remaining expected life of the Firm's financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
Refer to Note 13 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the allowance for credit losses and the related accounting policies.

136

Allowance for credit losses and related information
The table below summarizes information about the allowances for credit losses, and includes a breakdown of loans and lending-related commitments by impairment methodology. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and Note 9 of this Form 10-Q for further information on the allowance for credit losses on investment securities.
2022
2021
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Consumer, excluding
credit card		Credit cardWholesaleTotalConsumer, excluding credit cardCredit cardWholesaleTotal
Allowance for loan losses
Beginning balance at January 1,$1,765 $10,250 $4,371 $16,386 $3,636 $17,800 $6,892 $28,328 
Gross charge-offs204 720 52 976 166 1,214 88 1,468 
Gross recoveries collected(158)(214)(22)(394)(145)(231)(35)(411)
Net charge-offs/(recoveries)46 506 30 582 21 983 53 1,057 
Provision for loan losses175 506 687 1,368 (932)(2,517)(830)(4,279)
Other
— — 20 20 (1)— 10 9 
Ending balance at March 31,$1,894 $10,250 $5,048 $17,192 $2,682 $14,300 $6,019 $23,001 
Allowance for lending-related commitments
Beginning balance at January 1,
$113 $— $2,148 $2,261 $187 $— $2,222 $2,409 
Provision for lending-related commitments
(2)— 98 96 (52)— 159 107 
Other
— — 1 1 — — — — 
Ending balance at March 31,$111 $— $2,247 $2,358 $135 $— $2,381 $2,516 
Total allowance for investment securitiesNANANA41 NANANA94 
Total allowance for credit losses$2,005 $10,250 $7,295 $19,591 $2,817 $14,300 $8,400 $25,611 
Allowance for loan losses by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(a)
$(644)$262 $485 $103 $(348)$522 $529 $703 
Portfolio-based2,538 9,988 4,563 17,089 3,030 13,778 5,490 22,298 
Total allowance for loan losses$1,894 $10,250 $5,048 $17,192 $2,682 $14,300 $6,019 $23,001 
Loans by impairment methodology
Asset-specific(a)
$13,186 $901 $2,823 $16,910 $16,008 $1,291 $3,394 $20,693 
Portfolio-based282,975 151,382 567,130 1,001,487 286,384 130,481 511,084 927,949 
Total retained loans$296,161 $152,283 $569,953 $1,018,397 $302,392 $131,772 $514,478 $948,642 
Collateral-dependent loans
Net charge-offs$(5)$— $7 $2 $20 $— $2 $22 
Loans measured at fair value of collateral less cost to sell
4,144 — 665 4,809 4,790 — 354 5,144 
Allowance for lending-related commitments by impairment methodology
Asset-specific
$— $— $139 $139 $— $— $144 $144 
Portfolio-based
111 — 2,108 2,219 135 — 2,237 2,372 
Total allowance for lending-related commitments(b)
$111 $— $2,247 $2,358 $135 $— $2,381 $2,516 
Lending-related commitments by impairment methodology
Asset-specific
$— $— $767 $767 $— $— $800 $800 
Portfolio-based(c)
31,847 — 463,570 495,417 34,468 — 440,830 475,298 
Total lending-related commitments
$31,847 $— $464,337 $496,184 $34,468 $— $441,630 $476,098 
(a)Includes collateral dependent loans, including those considered TDRs and those for which foreclosure is deemed probable, modified PCD loans and non-collateral dependent loans that have been modified or are reasonably expected to be modified in a TDR. Also includes risk-rated loans that have been placed on nonaccrual status for the wholesale portfolio segment. The asset-specific allowance for credit card loans modified, or reasonably expected to be modified, in a TDR is calculated based on the loans’ original contractual interest rates and does not consider any incremental penalty rates.
(b)The allowance for lending-related commitments is reported in accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(c)At March 31, 2022 and 2021, lending-related commitments excluded $15.3 billion and $21.8 billion, respectively, for the consumer, excluding credit card portfolio segment; $757.3 billion and $674.4 billion, respectively, for the credit card portfolio segment; and $32.9 billion and $39.6 billion, respectively, for the wholesale portfolio segment, which were not subject to the allowance for lending-related commitments.

137

Discussion of changes in the allowance
The allowance for credit losses as of March 31, 2022 was $19.6 billion, an increase from $18.7 billion at December 31, 2021, consisting of: $776 million in wholesale, across the LOBs, and $127 million in consumer, driven by the residential real estate portfolio.
The change in the allowance largely reflects an increased weight placed on the adverse scenarios, from the more balanced weighting placed on the adverse and upside scenarios at December 31, 2021, due to the potential effects associated with higher inflation, changes in monetary policy, as well as geopolitical risks, including the war in Ukraine. The increase in the allowance also included client-specific Russia and Russia-associated downgrades in CIB and AWM.
The Firm's allowance for credit losses is estimated using a weighted average of five internally developed macroeconomic scenarios. The adverse scenarios incorporate more punitive macroeconomic factors than the central case assumptions provided in the table below, resulting in weighted average U.S. unemployment rates above 4% through the second quarter of 2023 and year over year growth in U.S. real GDP of 2.5% in the second quarter of 2023.
The Firm’s central case assumptions reflected U.S. unemployment rates and U.S. real GDP as follows:
Assumptions at March 31, 2022
2Q224Q222Q23
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
3.6 %3.3 %3.3 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
3.7 %2.9 %2.6 %
Assumptions at December 31, 2021
2Q224Q222Q23
U.S. unemployment rate(a)
4.2 %4.0 %3.9 %
YoY growth in U.S. real GDP(b)
3.1 %2.8 %2.1 %
(a)Reflects quarterly average of forecasted U.S. unemployment rate.
(b)As of March 31, 2022, the year over year growth in U.S. real GDP in the forecast horizon of the central scenario is calculated as the percent change in U.S. real GDP levels from the prior year.
Subsequent changes to this forecast and related estimates will be reflected in the provision for credit losses in future periods.
Refer to Note 13 and Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a description of the policies, methodologies and judgments used to determine the Firm’s allowances for credit losses on loans, lending-related commitments, and investment securities.
Refer to Critical Accounting Estimates Used by the Firm on pages 75-77 for further information on the allowance for credit losses and related management judgments.
Refer to Consumer Credit Portfolio on pages 49-53, Wholesale Credit Portfolio on pages 54-62 and Note 11 for additional information on the consumer and wholesale credit portfolios.

138

Note 13 – Variable interest entities
Refer to Note 1 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further description of JPMorgan Chase’s accounting policies regarding consolidation of VIEs. Refer to Note 14 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of VIEs, including the Firm’s accounting policies regarding securitizations.
The following table summarizes the most significant types of Firm-sponsored VIEs by business segment. The Firm considers a “Firm-sponsored” VIE to include any entity where: (1) JPMorgan Chase is the primary beneficiary of the structure; (2) the VIE is used by JPMorgan Chase to securitize Firm assets; (3) the VIE issues financial instruments with the JPMorgan Chase name; or (4) the entity is a JPMorgan Chase–administered asset-backed commercial paper conduit.
Line of BusinessTransaction TypeActivityForm 10-Q page references
CCBCredit card securitization trustsSecuritization of originated credit card receivables139
Mortgage securitization trustsServicing and securitization of both originated and purchased residential mortgages139-141
CIBMortgage and other securitization trustsSecuritization of both originated and purchased residential and commercial mortgages, and other consumer loans139-141
Multi-seller conduitsAssisting clients in accessing the financial markets in a cost-efficient manner and structuring transactions to meet investor needs141
Municipal bond vehiclesFinancing of municipal bond investments141
The Firm also invests in and provides financing and other services to VIEs sponsored by third parties. Refer to pages 142-144 of this Note for more information on consolidated VIE assets and liabilities as well as the VIEs sponsored by third parties.
Significant Firm-sponsored VIEs
Credit card securitizations
As a result of the Firm’s continuing involvement, the Firm is considered to be the primary beneficiary of its Firm-sponsored credit card securitization trust, the Chase Issuance Trust.
Firm-sponsored mortgage and other securitization trusts
The Firm securitizes (or has securitized) originated and purchased residential mortgages, commercial mortgages and other consumer loans primarily in its CCB and CIB businesses. Depending on the particular transaction, as well as the respective business involved, the Firm may act as the servicer of the loans and/or retain certain beneficial interests in the securitization trusts.
139

The following tables present the total unpaid principal amount of assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, including those in which the Firm has continuing involvement, and those that are consolidated by the Firm. Continuing involvement includes servicing the loans, holding senior interests or subordinated interests (including amounts required to be held pursuant to credit
risk retention rules), recourse or guarantee arrangements, and derivative contracts. In certain instances, the Firm’s only continuing involvement is servicing the loans. The Firm’s maximum loss exposure from retained and purchased interests is the carrying value of these interests.
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$57,739 $862 $50,727 $708 $1,263 $41 $2,012 
Subprime10,563 7 9,764 2 — — 2 
Commercial and other(b)
154,343 — 113,255 748 4,029 477 5,254 
Total$222,645 $869 $173,746 $1,458 $5,292 $518 $7,268 
Principal amount outstanding
JPMorgan Chase interest in securitized assets in nonconsolidated VIEs(c)(d)(e)
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Total assets held by securitization VIEsAssets
held in consolidated securitization VIEs		Assets held in nonconsolidated securitization VIEs with continuing involvementTrading assets Investment securitiesOther financial assetsTotal interests held by
JPMorgan
Chase
Securitization-related(a)
Residential mortgage:
Prime/Alt-A and option ARMs$55,085 $942 $47,029 $974 $684 $95 $1,753 
Subprime10,966 27 10,115 2 — — 2 
Commercial and other(b)
150,694 — 93,698 671 3,274 506 4,451 
Total$216,745 $969 $150,842 $1,647 $3,958 $601 $6,206 
(a)Excludes U.S. GSEs and government agency securitizations and re-securitizations, which are not Firm-sponsored.
(b)Consists of securities backed by commercial real estate loans and non-mortgage-related consumer receivables purchased from third parties.
(c)Excludes the following: retained servicing; securities retained from loan sales and securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies; interest rate and foreign exchange derivatives primarily used to manage interest rate and foreign exchange risks of securitization entities; senior and subordinated securities of $210 million and $91 million, respectively, at March 31, 2022, and $145 million and $36 million, respectively, at December 31, 2021, which the Firm purchased in connection with CIB’s secondary market-making activities.
(d)Includes interests held in re-securitization transactions.
(e)As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, 83% and 79%, respectively, of the Firm’s retained securitization interests, which are predominantly carried at fair value and include amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, were risk-rated “A” or better, on an S&P-equivalent basis. The retained interests in prime residential mortgages consisted of $1.9 billion and $1.6 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $68 million and $131 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively. The retained interests in commercial and other securitization trusts consisted of $4.3 billion and $3.5 billion of investment-grade retained interests, and $931 million and $929 million of noninvestment-grade retained interests at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
140

Residential mortgage
The Firm securitizes residential mortgage loans originated by CCB, as well as residential mortgage loans purchased from third parties by either CCB or CIB.
Commercial mortgages and other consumer securitizations
CIB originates and securitizes commercial mortgage loans, and engages in underwriting and trading activities involving the securities issued by securitization trusts.
Re-securitizations
The following table presents the principal amount of securities transferred to re-securitization VIEs.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Transfers of securities to VIEs
U.S. GSEs and government agencies$6,076 $13,105 
The Firm did not transfer any private label securities to re-securitization VIEs during the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively and retained interests in any such Firm-sponsored VIEs as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 were not material.
The following table presents information on the Firm's interests in nonconsolidated re-securitization VIEs.
Nonconsolidated
re-securitization VIEs
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
U.S. GSEs and government agencies
Interest in VIEs
$2,295 $1,947 
As of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, the Firm did not consolidate any U.S. GSE and government agency re-securitization VIEs or any Firm-sponsored private-label re-securitization VIEs.
Multi-seller conduits
In the normal course of business, JPMorgan Chase makes markets in and invests in commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The Firm held $13.3 billion and $13.7 billion of the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, which have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm’s investments reflect the Firm’s funding needs and capacity and were not driven by market illiquidity. Other than the amounts required to be held pursuant to credit risk retention rules, the Firm is not obligated under any agreement to purchase the commercial paper issued by the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits.
Deal-specific liquidity facilities, program-wide liquidity and credit enhancement provided by the Firm have been eliminated in consolidation. The Firm or the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits provide lending-related commitments to certain clients of the Firm-administered multi-seller conduits. The unfunded commitments were $13.8 billion and $13.4 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively, and are reported as off-balance sheet lending-related commitments in other unfunded commitments to extend credit. Refer to Note 22 for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
Municipal bond vehicles
Municipal bond vehicles or tender option bond (“TOB”) trusts allow institutions to finance their municipal bond investments at short-term rates. TOB transactions are known as customer TOB trusts and non-customer TOB trusts. Customer TOB trusts are sponsored by a third party.
The Firm serves as sponsor for all non-customer TOB transactions.
141

Consolidated VIE assets and liabilities
The following table presents information on assets and liabilities related to VIEs consolidated by the Firm as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
AssetsLiabilities
March 31, 2022 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—$10,434$90$10,524$1,748$1$1,749
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits919,47811819,6056,250366,286
Municipal bond vehicles2,011—52,0161,97911,980
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
—8832590816778245
Other—1,171
(b)
2341,405—137137
Total$2,020$31,966$472$34,458$10,144$253$10,397
AssetsLiabilities
December 31, 2021 (in millions)Trading assetsLoans
Other(c)
 Total
assets(d)
Beneficial interests in
VIE assets(e)
Other(f)
Total
liabilities
VIE program type
Firm-sponsored credit card trusts$—$11,108$102$11,210$2,397$1$2,398
Firm-administered multi-seller conduits119,8837119,9556,198416,239
Municipal bond vehicles2,009—22,0111,976—1,976
Mortgage securitization entities(a)
—9553298717985264
Other—1,078
(b)
2831,361—118118
Total$2,010$33,024$490$35,524$10,750$245$10,995
(a)Includes residential and commercial mortgage securitizations.
(b)Primarily includes purchased supply chain finance receivables and purchased auto loan securitizations in CIB.
(c)Includes assets classified as cash and other assets on the Consolidated balance sheets.
(d)The assets of the consolidated VIEs included in the program types above are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. The assets and liabilities include third-party assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs and exclude intercompany balances that eliminate in consolidation.
(e)The interest-bearing beneficial interest liabilities issued by consolidated VIEs are classified in the line item on the Consolidated balance sheets titled, “Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs”. The holders of these beneficial interests generally do not have recourse to the general credit of JPMorgan Chase. Included in beneficial interests in VIE assets are long-term beneficial interests of $1.9 billion and $2.6 billion at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, respectively.
(f)Includes liabilities classified as accounts payable and other liabilities on the Consolidated balance sheets.
VIEs sponsored by third parties
The Firm enters into transactions with VIEs structured by other parties. These include, for example, acting as a derivative counterparty, liquidity provider, investor, underwriter, placement agent, remarketing agent, trustee or custodian. These transactions are conducted at arm’s-length, and individual credit decisions are based on the analysis of the specific VIE, taking into consideration the quality of the underlying assets. Where the Firm does not have the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, or a variable interest that could potentially be significant, the Firm generally does not consolidate the VIE, but it records and reports these positions on its Consolidated balance sheets in the same manner it would record and report positions in respect of any other third-party transaction.
Tax credit vehicles
The Firm holds investments in unconsolidated tax credit vehicles, which are limited partnerships and similar entities that own and operate affordable housing, energy, and other projects. These entities are primarily considered VIEs. A third party is typically the general partner or managing
member and has control over the significant activities of the tax credit vehicles, and accordingly the Firm does not consolidate tax credit vehicles. The Firm generally invests in these partnerships as a limited partner and earns a return primarily through the receipt of tax credits allocated to the projects. The maximum loss exposure, represented by equity investments and funding commitments, was $26.5 billion and $26.8 billion, of which $9.0 billion and $9.4 billion was unfunded at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively. The Firm assesses each project and to reduce the risk of loss, may withhold varying amounts of its capital investment until the project qualifies for tax credits. Refer to Note 25 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on affordable housing tax credits and Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for more information on off-balance sheet lending-related commitments.
142

Customer municipal bond vehicles (TOB trusts)
The Firm may provide various services to customer TOB trusts, including remarketing agent, liquidity or tender option provider. In certain customer TOB transactions, the Firm, as liquidity provider, has entered into a reimbursement agreement with the Residual holder.
In those transactions, upon the termination of the vehicle, the Firm has recourse to the third-party Residual holders for any shortfall. The Firm does not have any intent to protect Residual holders from potential losses on any of the underlying municipal bonds. The Firm does not consolidate customer TOB trusts, since the Firm does not have the power to make decisions that significantly impact the economic performance of the municipal bond vehicle.
The Firm’s maximum exposure as a liquidity provider to customer TOB trusts at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $7.2 billion and $6.8 billion, respectively. The fair value of assets held by such VIEs at March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $10.3 billion and $10.5 billion, respectively.
Loan securitizations
The Firm has securitized and sold a variety of loans, including residential mortgages, credit card receivables, and commercial mortgages.
Securitization activity
The following table provides information related to the Firm’s securitization activities for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, related to assets held in Firm-sponsored securitization entities that were not consolidated by the Firm, and where sale accounting was achieved at the time of the securitization.
Three months ended March 31,
20222021
(in millions)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Residential mortgage(d)
Commercial and other(e)
Principal securitized$6,495 $3,108 $4,077 $1,912 
All cash flows during the period:(a)
Proceeds received from loan sales as financial instruments(b)(c)
$6,375 $3,106 $4,234 $1,970 
Servicing fees collected24 — 41 — 
Cash flows received on interests
155 71 183 52 
(a)Excludes re-securitization transactions.
(b)Predominantly includes Level 2 assets.
(c)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
(d)Represents prime mortgages. Excludes loan securitization activity related to U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(e)Includes commercial mortgage and other consumer loans.
Loans and excess MSRs sold to U.S. government-sponsored
enterprises and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to
Ginnie Mae guidelines
In addition to the amounts reported in the securitization activity tables above, the Firm, in the normal course of business, sells originated and purchased mortgage loans and certain originated excess MSRs on a nonrecourse basis, predominantly to U.S. GSEs. These loans and excess MSRs are sold primarily for the purpose of securitization by the U.S. GSEs, who provide certain guarantee provisions (e.g., credit enhancement of the loans). The Firm also sells loans into securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines; these loans are typically insured or guaranteed by another U.S. government agency. The Firm does not consolidate the securitization vehicles underlying these transactions as it is not the primary beneficiary. For a limited number of loan sales, the Firm is obligated to share
a portion of the credit risk associated with the sold loans with the purchaser. Refer to Note 22 of this Form 10-Q for additional information about the Firm’s loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications and Note 14 for additional information about the impact of the Firm’s sale of certain excess MSRs.
143

The following table summarizes the activities related to loans sold to the U.S. GSEs, and loans in securitization transactions pursuant to Ginnie Mae guidelines.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Carrying value of loans sold
$23,668 $23,147 
Proceeds received from loan sales as cash
9 16 
Proceeds from loan sales as securities(a)(b)
23,258 22,749 
Total proceeds received from loan sales(c)
$23,267 $22,765 
Gains/(losses) on loan sales(d)(e)
$— $4 
(a)Includes securities from U.S. GSEs and Ginnie Mae that are generally sold shortly after receipt or retained as part of the Firm’s investment securities portfolio.
(b)Included in level 2 assets.
(c)Excludes the value of MSRs retained upon the sale of loans.
(d)Gains/(losses) on loan sales include the value of MSRs.
(e)The carrying value of the loans accounted for at fair value approximated the proceeds received upon loan sale.
Options to repurchase delinquent loans
In addition to the Firm’s obligation to repurchase certain loans due to material breaches of representations and warranties as discussed in Note 22, the Firm also has the option to repurchase delinquent loans that it services for Ginnie Mae loan pools, as well as for other U.S. government agencies under certain arrangements. The Firm typically elects to repurchase delinquent loans from Ginnie Mae loan
pools as it continues to service them and/or manage the foreclosure process in accordance with the applicable requirements, and such loans continue to be insured or guaranteed. When the Firm’s repurchase option becomes exercisable, such loans must be reported on the Consolidated balance sheets as a loan with a corresponding liability. Refer to Note 11 for additional information.
The following table presents loans the Firm repurchased or had an option to repurchase, real estate owned, and foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans recognized on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021. Substantially all of these loans and real estate are insured or guaranteed by U.S. government agencies.
(in millions)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Loans repurchased or option to repurchase(a)
$896 $1,022 
Real estate owned
6 5 
Foreclosed government-guaranteed residential mortgage loans(b)
31 36 
(a)Predominantly all of these amounts relate to loans that have been repurchased from Ginnie Mae loan pools.
(b)Relates to voluntary repurchases of loans, which are included in accrued interest and accounts receivable.

Loan delinquencies and liquidation losses
The table below includes information about components of and delinquencies related to nonconsolidated securitized financial assets held in Firm-sponsored private-label securitization entities, in which the Firm has continuing involvement as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
Net liquidation losses/(recoveries)
Securitized assets90 days past dueThree months ended March 31,
(in millions)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021		20222021
Securitized loans
Residential mortgage:
Prime / Alt-A & option ARMs$50,727 $47,029 $2,236 $2,466 $(6)$12 
Subprime9,764 10,115 1,537 1,609 — 18 
Commercial and other113,255 93,698 1,320 1,456 6 21 
Total loans securitized$173,746 $150,842 $5,093 $5,531 $— $51 
144

Note 14 – Goodwill and Mortgage servicing rights
Refer to Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the accounting policies related to goodwill and mortgage servicing rights.
Goodwill
The following table presents goodwill attributed to the reportable business segments and Corporate.
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31,
2021
Consumer & Community Banking$31,474 $31,474 
Corporate & Investment Bank7,910 7,906 
Commercial Banking2,986 2,986 
Asset & Wealth Management7,224 7,222 
Corporate704 727 
Total goodwill$50,298 $50,315 
The following table presents changes in the carrying amount of goodwill.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
Balance at beginning
of period
$50,315 $49,248 
Changes during the period from:
Other(a)
(17)(5)
Balance at March 31,$50,298 $49,243 
(a)Primarily foreign currency adjustments and, in the first quarter of 2021, adjustments to goodwill related to prior period acquisitions.

Goodwill impairment testing
Goodwill is tested for impairment during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or circumstances, such as adverse changes in the business climate, indicate that there may be an impairment. Refer to Note 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of the Firm’s goodwill impairment testing.
Unanticipated declines in business performance, increases in credit losses, increases in capital requirements, as well as deterioration in economic or market conditions, adverse regulatory or legislative changes or increases in the estimated market cost of equity, could cause the estimated fair values of the Firm’s reporting units to decline in the future, which could result in a material impairment charge to earnings in a future period related to some portion of the associated goodwill.
As of March 31, 2022, the Firm reviewed current economic conditions, estimated market cost of equity, as well as actual business results and projections of business performance. Based on such reviews, the Firm has concluded that goodwill was not impaired as of March 31, 2022, or December 31, 2021, nor was goodwill written off due to impairment during the three months ended March 31, 2022 or 2021.
145

Mortgage servicing rights
MSRs represent the fair value of expected future cash flows for performing servicing activities for others. The fair value considers estimated future servicing fees and ancillary revenue, offset by estimated costs to service the loans, and generally declines over time as net servicing cash flows are received, effectively amortizing the MSR asset against contractual servicing and ancillary fee income. MSRs are either purchased from third parties or recognized upon sale or securitization of mortgage loans if servicing is retained. Refer to Notes 2 and 15 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further description of the MSR asset, interest rate risk management, and the valuation of MSRs.
The following table summarizes MSR activity for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except where otherwise noted)20222021
Fair value at beginning of period$5,494 $3,276 
MSR activity:
Originations of MSRs415 404 
Purchase of MSRs715 179 
Disposition of MSRs(57)1 
Net additions/(dispositions)1,073 584 
Changes due to collection/realization of expected cash flows
(232)(187)
Changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions:
Changes due to market interest rates and other(a)
894 836 
Changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions:
Projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service)
— (24)
Discount rates
— — 
Prepayment model changes and other(b)
65 (15)
Total changes in valuation due to other inputs and assumptions65 (39)
Total changes in valuation due to inputs and assumptions959 797 
Fair value at March 31$7,294 $4,470 
Changes in unrealized gains/(losses) included in income related to MSRs held at March 31$959 $797 
Contractual service fees, late fees and other ancillary fees included in income
370 291 
Third-party mortgage loans serviced at March 31, (in billions)576 444 
Servicer advances, net of an allowance for uncollectible amounts, at March 31, (in billions)(c)
1.4 1.8 
(a)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(b)Represents changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates.
(c)Represents amounts the Firm pays as the servicer (e.g., scheduled principal and interest, taxes and insurance), which will generally be reimbursed within a short period of time after the advance from future cash flows from the trust or the underlying loans. The Firm’s credit risk associated with these servicer advances is minimal because reimbursement of the advances is typically senior to all cash payments to investors. In addition, the Firm maintains the right to stop payment to investors if the collateral is insufficient to cover the advance. However, certain of these servicer advances may not be recoverable if they were not made in accordance with applicable rules and agreements.
146

The following table presents the components of mortgage fees and related income (including the impact of MSR risk management activities) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)20222021
CCB mortgage fees and related income
Production revenue$211 $757 
Net mortgage servicing revenue:
Operating revenue:
Loan servicing revenue368 248 
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to collection/realization of expected cash flows(232)(187)
Total operating revenue136 61 
Risk management:
Changes in MSR asset fair value due to market interest rates and other(a)
894 836 
Other changes in MSR asset fair value due to other inputs and assumptions in model(b)
65 (39)
Changes in derivative fair value and other(850)(912)
Total risk management109 (115)
Total net mortgage servicing revenue245 (54)
Total CCB mortgage fees and related income456 703 
All other4 1 
Mortgage fees and related income$460 $704 
(a)Represents both the impact of changes in estimated future prepayments due to changes in market interest rates, and the difference between actual and expected prepayments.
(b)Represents the aggregate impact of changes in model inputs and assumptions such as projected cash flows (e.g., cost to service), discount rates and changes in prepayments other than those attributable to changes in market interest rates (e.g., changes in prepayments due to changes in home prices).
Changes in fair value based on variations in assumptions generally cannot be easily extrapolated, because the relationship of the change in the assumptions to the change in fair value are often highly interrelated and may not be linear. In the following table, the effect that a change in a particular assumption may have on the fair value is calculated without changing any other assumption. In reality, changes in one factor may result in changes in another, which would either magnify or counteract the impact of the initial change.

The table below outlines the key economic assumptions used to determine the fair value of the Firm’s MSRs at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, and outlines hypothetical sensitivities of those fair values to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions, as defined below.
(in millions, except rates)Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
Weighted-average prepayment speed assumption (constant prepayment rate)
7.68 %9.90 %
Impact on fair value of 10% adverse change
$(206)$(210)
Impact on fair value of 20% adverse change
(398)(404)
Weighted-average option adjusted spread(a)
5.99 %6.44 %
Impact on fair value of a 100 basis point adverse change
$(300)$(225)
Impact on fair value of a 200 basis point adverse change
(577)(433)
(a)Includes the impact of operational risk and regulatory capital.


147

Note 15 – Deposits
Refer to Note 17 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on deposits.
At March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, noninterest-bearing and interest-bearing deposits were as follows.
(in millions)March 31,
2022		December 31, 2021
U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $8,168 and $8,115 at fair value)(a)
$721,401 $711,525 
(b)
Interest-bearing (included $645 and $629 at fair value)(a)
1,412,589 1,359,932 
(b)
Total deposits in U.S. offices2,133,990 2,071,457 
Non-U.S. offices
Noninterest-bearing (included $1,475 and $2,420 at fair value)(a)
27,542 26,229 
Interest-bearing (included $155 and $169 at fair value)(a)
399,675 364,617 
Total deposits in non-U.S. offices427,217 390,846 
Total deposits$2,561,207 $2,462,303 
(a)Includes structured notes classified as deposits for which the fair value option has been elected. Refer to Note 3 for further information.
(b)Prior-period amount has been revised to conform with the current presentation.
Note 16 – Leases
Refer to Note 18 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion on leases.
Firm as lessee
At March 31, 2022, JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries were obligated under a number of noncancellable leases, predominantly operating leases for premises and equipment used primarily for business purposes.
Operating lease liabilities and right-of-use ("ROU") assets are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term.
The following table provides information related to the Firm’s operating leases:
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Right-of-use assets$7,933 $7,888 
Lease liabilities8,349 8,328 
The Firm’s net rental expense was $495 million and $490 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
Firm as lessor
The Firm’s lease financings are predominantly auto operating leases, and are included in other assets on the Firm’s Consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents the Firm’s operating lease income, included within other income, and the related depreciation expense, included within technology, communications and equipment expense, on the Consolidated statements of income:
Three months ended March 31,

(in millions)		20222021
Operating lease income$1,048 $1,325 
Depreciation expense711 934 


148

Note 17 - Preferred stock
Refer to Note 21 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion on preferred stock.
The following is a summary of JPMorgan Chase’s non-cumulative preferred stock outstanding as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, and the quarterly dividend declarations for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
Shares
Carrying value
 (in millions)
Contractual rate in effect at March 31, 2022Earliest redemption date
Floating annualized rate(a)
Dividend declared
per share
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021March 31, 2022December 31, 2021Issue dateThree months ended March 31,
20222021
Fixed-rate:
Series AA
— — $— $— 6/4/2015— %9/1/2020NA$—$152.50
Series BB
— — — — 7/29/2015— 9/1/2020NA—153.75
Series DD
169,625 169,625 1,696 1,696 9/21/20185.750 12/1/2023NA143.75143.75
Series EE
185,000 185,000 1,850 1,850 1/24/20196.000 3/1/2024NA150.00150.00
Series GG
90,000 90,000 900 900 11/7/20194.750 12/1/2024NA118.75118.75
Series JJ150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 3/17/20214.550 6/1/2026NA113.75NA
Series LL185,000 185,000 1,850 1,850 5/20/20214.625 6/1/2026NA115.63NA
Series MM
200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 7/29/20214.200 9/1/2026NA105.00NA
Fixed-to-floating-rate:
Series I
293,375 293,375 $2,934 $2,934 4/23/2008
LIBOR + 3.47%
4/30/2018
LIBOR + 3.47%
$92.13$93.06
Series Q
150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 4/23/20135.150 5/1/2023
LIBOR + 3.25
128.75128.75
Series R
150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 7/29/20136.000 8/1/2023
LIBOR + 3.30
150.00150.00
Series S
200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 1/22/20146.750 2/1/2024
LIBOR + 3.78
168.75168.75
Series U
100,000 100,000 1,000 1,000 3/10/20146.125 4/30/2024
LIBOR + 3.33
153.13153.13
Series V
250,000 250,000 2,500 2,500 6/9/2014
LIBOR + 3.32%
7/1/2019
LIBOR + 3.32
86.4085.97
Series X
160,000 160,000 1,600 1,600 9/23/20146.100 10/1/2024
LIBOR + 3.33
152.50152.50
Series Z
— 200,000 — 2,000 4/21/2015— 5/1/2020
LIBOR + 3.80
—101.24
Series CC
125,750 125,750 1,258 1,258 10/20/20174.625 11/1/2022
LIBOR + 2.58
115.63115.63
Series FF
225,000 225,000 2,250 2,250 7/31/20195.000 8/1/2024
SOFR + 3.38
125.00125.00
Series HH
300,000 300,000 3,000 3,000 1/23/20204.600 2/1/2025
SOFR + 3.125
115.00115.00
Series II
150,000 150,000 1,500 1,500 2/24/20204.000 4/1/2025
SOFR + 2.745
100.00100.00
Series KK200,000 200,000 2,000 2,000 5/12/20213.650 6/1/2026
CMT + 2.85
91.25NA
Total preferred stock3,283,750 3,483,750 $32,838 $34,838 
(a)Floating annualized rate includes three-month LIBOR, three-month term SOFR or five-year Constant Maturity Treasury ("CMT") rate, as applicable, plus the spreads noted above.
Each series of preferred stock has a liquidation value and redemption price per share of $10,000, plus accrued but unpaid dividends. The aggregate liquidation value was $33.2 billion at March 31, 2022.
Redemptions
On February 1, 2022, the Firm redeemed all $2.0 billion of its fixed-to-floating rate non-cumulative preferred stock, Series Z.
On June 1, 2021, the Firm redeemed all $1.43 billion of its 6.10% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series AA and all $1.15 billion of its 6.15% non-cumulative preferred stock, Series BB.
149

Note 18 – Earnings per share
Refer to Note 23 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share (“EPS”). The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021.
(in millions, except per share amounts)Three months ended March 31,
20222021
Basic earnings per share
Net income$8,282 $14,300 
Less: Preferred stock dividends
397 379 
Net income applicable to common equity
7,885 13,921 
Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities
40 70 
Net income applicable to common stockholders
$7,845 $13,851 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
2,977.0 3,073.5 
Net income per share
$2.64 $4.51 
Diluted earnings per share
Net income applicable to common stockholders
$7,845 $13,851 
Total weighted-average basic shares
  outstanding
2,977.0 3,073.5 
Add: Dilutive impact of SARs and employee stock options, unvested PSUs and nondividend-earning RSUs
4.0 5.4 
Total weighted-average diluted shares outstanding
2,981.0 3,078.9 
Net income per share
$2.63 $4.50 

150

Note 19 – Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
AOCI includes the after-tax change in unrealized gains and losses on investment securities, foreign currency translation adjustments (including the impact of related derivatives), fair value changes of excluded components on fair value hedges, cash flow hedging activities, net loss and prior service costs/(credit) related to the Firm’s defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, and fair value option-elected liabilities arising from changes in the Firm’s own credit risk (DVA).
As of or for the three months ended
March 31, 2022
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit
pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2022$2,640 $(934)$(131)$(296)$(210)$(1,153)$(84)
Net change(7,453)(62)110 (2,791)67 646 (9,483)
Balance at March 31, 2022$(4,813)
(a)
$(996)$(21)$(3,087)$(143)$(507)$(9,567)
As of or for the three months ended
March 31, 2021
(in millions)		Unrealized
gains/(losses)
on investment securities		Translation adjustments, net of hedgesFair value hedgesCash flow hedgesDefined benefit pension and
OPEB plans		DVA on fair value option elected liabilitiesAccumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
Balance at January 1, 2021$8,180 $(473)$(112)$2,383 $(1,132)$(860)$7,986 
Net change(4,339)(250)(28)(2,249)68 (147)(6,945)
Balance at March 31, 2021$3,841 
(a)
$(723)$(140)$134 $(1,064)$(1,007)$1,041 
(a)As of March 31, 2022 and 2021 includes after-tax net unamortized unrealized gains of $2.2 billion and $2.9 billion, related to AFS securities that have been transferred to HTM, respectively. Refer to Note 10 of JPMorgan Chase's 2021 Form 10-K for further information.
The following table presents the pre-tax and after-tax changes in the components of OCI.
20222021
Three months ended March 31,
(in millions)		Pre-taxTax effectAfter-taxPre-taxTax effectAfter-tax
Unrealized gains/(losses) on investment securities:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period
$(10,202)$2,450 $(7,752)$(5,693)$1,365 $(4,328)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(a)
394 (95)299 (14)3 (11)
Net change(9,808)2,355 (7,453)(5,707)1,368 (4,339)
Translation adjustments:
Translation(341)24 (317)(1,200)39 (1,161)
Hedges338 (83)255 1,200 (289)911 
Net change(3)(59)(62)— (250)(250)
Fair value hedges, net change(b):
145 (35)110 (37)9 (28)
Cash flow hedges:
Net unrealized gains/(losses) arising during the period
(3,436)825 (2,611)(2,695)647 (2,048)
Reclassification adjustment for realized (gains)/losses included in net income(c)
(237)57 (180)(264)63 (201)
Net change(3,673)882 (2,791)(2,959)710 (2,249)
Defined benefit pension and OPEB plans, net change:90 (23)67 91 (23)68 
DVA on fair value option elected liabilities, net change:
859 (213)646 (189)42 (147)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)$(12,390)$2,907 $(9,483)$(8,801)$1,856 $(6,945)
(a)The pre-tax amount is reported in Investment securities gains/(losses) in the Consolidated statements of income.
(b)Represents changes in fair value of cross-currency swaps attributable to changes in cross-currency basis spreads, which are excluded from the assessment of hedge effectiveness and recorded in other comprehensive income. The initial cost of cross-currency basis spreads is recognized in earnings as part of the accrual of interest on the cross currency swaps.
(c)The pre-tax amounts are primarily recorded in noninterest revenue, net interest income and compensation expense in the Consolidated statements of income.

151

Note 20 – Restricted cash and other restricted
assets
Refer to Note 26 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion of the Firm’s restricted cash and other restricted assets.
Certain of the Firm’s cash and other assets are restricted as to withdrawal or usage. These restrictions are imposed by various regulatory authorities based on the particular activities of the Firm’s subsidiaries.
The Firm is also subject to rules and regulations established by other U.S. and non U.S. regulators. As part of its compliance with the respective regulatory requirements, the Firm’s broker-dealer activities are subject to certain restrictions on cash and other assets.
The following table presents the components of the Firm’s restricted cash:
(in billions)March 31,
2022		December 31, 2021
Segregated for the benefit of securities and cleared derivative customers
23.4 14.6 
Cash reserves at non-U.S. central banks and held for other general purposes
7.4 5.1 
Total restricted cash(a)
$30.8 $19.7 
(a)Comprises $29.6 billion and $18.4 billion in deposits with banks, and $1.2 billion and $1.3 billion in cash and due from banks on the Consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively.
Also, as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, the Firm had the following other restricted assets:
•Cash and securities pledged with clearing organizations for the benefit of customers of $41.5 billion and $47.5 billion, respectively.
•Securities with a fair value of $34.4 billion and $30.0 billion, respectively, were also restricted in relation to customer activity.


152

Note 21 – Regulatory capital
Refer to Note 27 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a detailed discussion on regulatory capital.
The Federal Reserve establishes capital requirements, including well-capitalized requirements, for the consolidated financial holding company. The OCC establishes similar minimum capital requirements and standards for the Firm’s principal IDI subsidiary, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.
Under the risk-based capital and leverage-based guidelines of the Federal Reserve, JPMorgan Chase is required to maintain minimum ratios for CET1 capital, Tier 1 capital, Total capital, Tier 1 leverage and the SLR. Failure to meet these minimum requirements could cause the Federal Reserve to take action. IDI subsidiaries are also subject to these capital requirements established by their respective primary regulators.
The following table presents the risk-based regulatory capital ratio requirements and well-capitalized ratios to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries were subject as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Standardized capital ratio requirementsAdvanced
capital ratio requirements		Well-capitalized ratios
BHC(a)
IDI(b)
BHC(a)
IDI(b)
BHC(c)
IDI(d)
Risk-based capital ratios
CET1 capital11.2 %7.0 %10.5 %7.0 %NA6.5 %
Tier 1 capital12.7 8.5 12.0 8.5 6.0 %8.0 
Total capital14.7 10.5 14.0 10.5 10.0 10.0 
Note: The table above is as defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC and to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries are subject.
(a)Represents the regulatory capital ratio requirements applicable to the Firm. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratio requirements each include a respective minimum requirement plus a GSIB surcharge of 3.5% as calculated under Method 2; plus a 3.2% SCB for Basel III Standardized ratios and a fixed 2.5% capital conservation buffer for Basel III Advanced ratios. The countercyclical buffer is currently set to 0% by the federal banking agencies.
(b)Represents requirements for JPMorgan Chase’s IDI subsidiaries. The CET1, Tier 1 and Total capital ratio requirements include a fixed capital conservation buffer requirement of 2.5% that is applicable to the IDI subsidiaries. The IDI subsidiaries are not subject to the GSIB surcharge.
(c)Represents requirements for bank holding companies pursuant to regulations issued by the Federal Reserve.
(d)Represents requirements for IDI subsidiaries pursuant to regulations issued under the FDIC Improvement Act.
The following table presents the leverage-based regulatory capital ratio requirements and well-capitalized ratios to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries were subject as of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.
Capital ratio requirements(a)
Well-capitalized ratios
BHCIDI
BHC(b)
IDI
Leverage-based capital ratios
Tier 1 leverage4.0 %4.0 %NA5.0 %
SLR5.0 6.0 NA6.0 
Note: The table above is as defined by the regulations issued by the Federal Reserve, OCC and FDIC and to which the Firm and its IDI subsidiaries are subject.
(a)Represents minimum SLR requirement of 3.0%, as well as supplementary leverage buffer requirements of 2.0% and 3.0% for BHC and IDI subsidiaries, respectively.
(b)The Federal Reserve's regulations do not establish well-capitalized thresholds for these measures for BHCs.
CECL regulatory capital transition
On December 31, 2021, the CECL capital transition provisions, which delayed the effects of CECL on regulatory capital for two years, expired. Beginning January 1, 2022, the $2.9 billion CECL capital benefit recognized as of December 31, 2021, will be phased out at 25% per year over a three-year period. As of March 31, 2022, CET1 capital reflected the remaining 75%, or $2.2 billion, benefit associated with the CECL capital transition provisions.
Additionally, effective January 1, 2022, the Firm phased out 25% of the other relevant CECL capital transition provisions recognized as of December 31, 2021, from Tier 2 capital, adjusted average assets, and total leverage exposure.
Refer to Note 27 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on CECL capital transition provisions.
153

The following tables present risk-based capital metrics under both the Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced approaches and leverage-based capital metrics for JPMorgan Chase and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. As of March 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, JPMorgan Chase and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. were well-capitalized and met all capital requirements to which each was subject.
March 31, 2022
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.		JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital
$207,903 $263,897 $207,903 $263,897 
Tier 1 capital
240,076 263,900 240,076 263,900 
Total capital
269,536 280,403 258,989 269,355 
Risk-weighted assets1,750,678 1,660,498 1,643,453 1,475,342 
CET1 capital ratio11.9 %15.9 %12.7 %17.9 %
Tier 1 capital ratio13.7 15.9 14.6 17.9 
Total capital ratio15.4 16.9 15.8 18.3 
December 31, 2021
(in millions, except ratios)		Basel III StandardizedBasel III Advanced
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.
JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Risk-based capital metrics:(a)
CET1 capital$213,942 $266,907 $213,942 $266,907 
Tier 1 capital246,162 266,910 246,162 266,910 
Total capital274,900 281,826 265,796 272,299 
Risk-weighted assets1,638,900 1,582,280 1,547,920 1,392,847 
CET1 capital ratio13.1 %16.9 %13.8 %19.2 %
Tier 1 capital ratio15.0 16.9 15.9 19.2 
Total capital ratio16.8 17.8 17.2 19.5 
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions. Additionally, loans originated under the PPP receive a zero percent risk weight.

Three months ended
(in millions, except ratios)		March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.		JPMorgan
Chase & Co.		JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A.
Leverage-based capital metrics:(a)
Adjusted average assets(b)
$3,857,783 $3,395,148 $3,782,035 $3,334,925 
Tier 1 leverage ratio
6.2 %7.8 %6.5 %8.0 %
Total leverage exposure$4,586,537 $4,125,933 $4,571,789 $4,119,286 
SLR5.2 %6.4 %5.4 %6.5 %
(a)The capital metrics reflect the CECL capital transition provisions.
(b)Adjusted average assets, for purposes of calculating the leverage ratios, includes quarterly average assets adjusted for on-balance sheet assets that are subject to deduction from Tier 1 capital, predominantly goodwill, inclusive of estimated equity method goodwill, and other intangible assets.


154

Note 22 – Off–balance sheet lending-related
financial instruments, guarantees, and other
commitments
JPMorgan Chase provides lending-related financial instruments (e.g., commitments and guarantees) to address the financing needs of its customers and clients. The contractual amount of these financial instruments represents the maximum possible credit risk to the Firm should the customer or client draw upon the commitment or the Firm be required to fulfill its obligation under the guarantee, and should the customer or client subsequently fail to perform according to the terms of the contract. Most of these commitments and guarantees have historically been refinanced, extended, cancelled, or expired without being drawn or a default occurring. As a result, the total contractual amount of these instruments is not, in the Firm’s view, representative of its expected future credit exposure or funding requirements. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of lending-related commitments and guarantees, and the Firm’s related accounting policies.
To provide for expected credit losses in wholesale and certain consumer lending-related commitments, an allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments is maintained. Refer to Note 12 for further information regarding the allowance for credit losses on lending-related commitments.
The following table summarizes the contractual amounts and carrying values of off-balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments at March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. The amounts in the table below for credit card, home equity and certain scored business banking lending-related commitments represent the total available credit for these products. The Firm has not experienced, and does not anticipate, that all available lines of credit for these products will be utilized at the same time. The Firm can reduce or cancel credit card and certain scored business banking lines of credit by providing the borrower notice or, in some cases as permitted by law, without notice. In addition, the Firm typically closes credit card lines when the borrower is 60 days or more past due. The Firm may reduce or close HELOCs when there are significant decreases in the value of the underlying property, or when there has been a demonstrable decline in the creditworthiness of the borrower.
155

Off–balance sheet lending-related financial instruments, guarantees and other commitments
Contractual amount
Carrying value(h)
March 31, 2022Dec 31,
2021		Mar 31,
2022		Dec 31,
2021
By remaining maturity
(in millions)		Expires in 1 year or lessExpires after
1 year through
3 years		Expires after
3 years through
5 years		Expires after 5 yearsTotalTotal
Lending-related
Consumer, excluding credit card:
Residential real estate(a)
$17,388 $2,404 $6,242 $8,465 $34,499 $32,996 $153 $100 
Auto and other11,550 — — 1,054 12,604 12,338 — 2 
Total consumer, excluding credit card28,938 2,404 6,242 9,519 47,103 45,334 153 102 
Credit card(b)
757,283 — — — 757,283 730,534 — — 
Total consumer(b)(c)
786,221 2,404 6,242 9,519 804,386 775,868 153 102 
Wholesale:
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit(d)
119,003 155,375 164,356 24,077 462,811 453,467 2,120 2,037 
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees(d)
14,536 8,245 4,018 1,110 27,909 28,530 476 476 
Other letters of credit(d)
5,943 491 78 — 6,512 4,448 11 9 
Total wholesale(c)
139,482 164,111 168,452 25,187 497,232 486,445 2,607 2,522 
Total lending-related$925,703 $166,515 $174,694 $34,706 $1,301,618 $1,262,313 $2,760 $2,624 
Other guarantees and commitments
Securities lending indemnification agreements and guarantees(e)
$365,249 $— $— $— $365,249 $337,770 $— $— 
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees3,012 292 12,491 41,779 57,574 55,730 486 475 
Unsettled resale and securities borrowed agreements 216,026 2,121 50 — 218,197 103,681 

(45)1 
Unsettled repurchase and securities loaned agreements 134,400 889 — — 135,289 74,263 (2)— 
Loan sale and securitization-related indemnifications:
Mortgage repurchase liabilityNANANANANANA57 61 
Loans sold with recourseNANANANA846 827 18 19 
Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments(f)
141,956 — — — 141,956 182,701 — — 
Other guarantees and commitments(g)
11,080 949 282 1,902 14,213 10,490 

65 69 
(a)Includes certain commitments to purchase loans from correspondents.
(b)Also includes commercial card lending-related commitments primarily in CB and CIB.
(c)Predominantly all consumer and wholesale lending-related commitments are in the U.S.
(d)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, reflected the contractual amount net of risk participations totaling $51 million and $44 million, respectively, for other unfunded commitments to extend credit; $7.8 billion and $7.9 billion, respectively, for standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees; and $660 million and $451 million, respectively, for other letters of credit. In regulatory filings with the Federal Reserve these commitments are shown gross of risk participations.
(e)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, collateral held by the Firm in support of securities lending indemnification agreements was $387.6 billion and $357.4 billion, respectively. Securities lending collateral primarily consists of cash, G7 government securities, and securities issued by U.S. GSEs and government agencies.
(f)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, includes guarantees to the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation under the sponsored member repo program and commitments and guarantees associated with the Firm’s membership in certain clearing houses.
(g)At March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, primarily includes unfunded commitments to purchase secondary market loans, unfunded commitments related to certain tax-oriented equity investments, and other equity investment commitments.
(h)For lending-related products, the carrying value represents the allowance for lending-related commitments and the guarantee liability; for derivative-related products, and lending-related commitments for which the fair value option was elected, the carrying value represents the fair value.
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit
Other unfunded commitments to extend credit generally consist of commitments for working capital and general corporate purposes, extensions of credit to support commercial paper facilities and bond financings in the event that those obligations cannot be remarketed to new investors, as well as committed liquidity facilities to clearing organizations. The Firm also issues commitments under multipurpose facilities which could be drawn upon in
several forms, including the issuance of a standby letter of credit.
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees
Standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees are conditional lending commitments issued by the Firm to guarantee the performance of a client or customer to a third party under certain arrangements, such as commercial paper facilities, bond financings, acquisition financings, trade financings and similar transactions.
156

The following table summarizes the contractual amount and carrying value of standby letters of credit and other financial guarantees and other letters of credit arrangements as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
Standby letters of credit, other financial guarantees and other letters of credit
March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
(in millions)Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit		Standby letters of
credit and other financial guarantees		Other letters
of credit
Investment-grade(a)
$19,186 $4,771 $19,998 $3,087 
Noninvestment-grade(a)
8,723 1,741 8,532 1,361 
Total contractual amount$27,909 $6,512 $28,530 $4,448 
Allowance for lending-related commitments$136 $11 $123 $9 
Guarantee liability340 — 353 — 
Total carrying value$476 $11 $476 $9 
Commitments with collateral$14,921 $782 $14,511 $999 
(a)The ratings scale is based on the Firm’s internal risk ratings. Refer to Note 11 for further information on internal risk ratings.
Derivatives qualifying as guarantees
The Firm transacts in certain derivative contracts that have the characteristics of a guarantee under U.S. GAAP. Refer to Note 28 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information on these derivatives.
The following table summarizes the derivatives qualifying as guarantees as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021.
(in millions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Notional amounts
Derivative guarantees$57,574 $55,730 
Stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure
31,632 29,778 
Maximum exposure of stable value contracts with contractually limited exposure
2,888 2,882 
Fair value
Derivative payables
486 475 
In addition to derivative contracts that meet the characteristics of a guarantee, the Firm is both a purchaser and seller of credit protection in the credit derivatives market. Refer to Note 4 for a further discussion of credit derivatives.
Merchant charge-backs
Under the rules of payment networks, the Firm, in its role as a merchant acquirer, retains a contingent liability for disputed processed credit and debit card transactions that result in a charge-back to the merchant. If a dispute is resolved in the cardholder’s favor, Merchant Services will (through the cardholder’s issuing bank) credit or refund the amount to the cardholder and will charge back the transaction to the merchant. If Merchant Services is unable to collect the amount from the merchant, Merchant Services will bear the loss for the amount credited or refunded to the cardholder. Merchant Services mitigates this risk by withholding future settlements, retaining cash reserve accounts or obtaining other collateral. In addition, Merchant Services recognizes a valuation allowance that covers the payment or performance risk to the Firm related to charge-backs.
157

Loan sales- and securitization-related indemnifications
In connection with the Firm’s mortgage loan sale and securitization activities with GSEs the Firm has made representations and warranties that the loans sold meet certain requirements, and that may require the Firm to repurchase mortgage loans and/or indemnify the loan purchaser if such representations and warranties are breached by the Firm.
The liability related to repurchase demands associated with private label securitizations is separately evaluated by the Firm in establishing its litigation reserves. Refer to Note 24 of this Form 10-Q and Note 30 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information regarding litigation.
Sponsored member repo program
The Firm acts as a sponsoring member to clear eligible overnight and term resale and repurchase agreements through the Government Securities Division of the Fixed Income Clearing Corporation (“FICC”) on behalf of clients that become sponsored members under the FICC’s rules. The Firm also guarantees to the FICC the prompt and full payment and performance of its sponsored member clients’ respective obligations under the FICC’s rules. The Firm minimizes its liability under these guarantees by obtaining a security interest in the cash or high-quality securities collateral that the clients place with the clearing house therefore the Firm expects the risk of loss to be remote. The Firm’s maximum possible exposure, without taking into consideration the associated collateral, is included in the Exchange & clearing house guarantees and commitments line on page 156. Refer to Note 11 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on credit risk mitigation practices on resale agreements and the types of collateral pledged under repurchase agreements.
Guarantees of subsidiaries
The Parent Company has guaranteed certain long-term debt and structured notes of its subsidiaries, including JPMorgan Chase Financial Company LLC (“JPMFC”), a 100%-owned finance subsidiary. All securities issued by JPMFC are fully and unconditionally guaranteed by the Parent Company and no other subsidiary of the Parent Company guarantees these securities. These guarantees, which rank on a parity with the Firm’s unsecured and unsubordinated indebtedness, are not included in the table on page 156 of this Note. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information.
Note 23 – Pledged assets and collateral
Refer to Note 29 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the Firm’s pledged assets and collateral.
Pledged assets
The Firm pledges financial assets that it owns to maintain potential borrowing capacity at discount windows with Federal Reserve banks, various other central banks and FHLBs. Additionally, the Firm pledges assets for other purposes, including to collateralize repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits. Certain of these pledged assets may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by the secured parties and are parenthetically identified on the Consolidated balance sheets as assets pledged.
The following table presents the Firm’s pledged assets.
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Assets that may be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties
$149.0 $126.3 
Assets that may not be sold or repledged or otherwise used by secured parties
91.0 112.0 
Assets pledged at Federal Reserve banks and FHLBs486.5 476.4 
Total pledged assets
$726.5 $714.7 
Total pledged assets do not include assets of consolidated VIEs; these assets are used to settle the liabilities of those entities. Refer to Note 13 for additional information on assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs. Refer to Note 10 for additional information on the Firm’s securities financing activities. Refer to Note 20 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s long-term debt.
Collateral
The Firm accepts financial assets as collateral that it is permitted to sell or repledge, deliver or otherwise use. This collateral is generally obtained under resale and other securities financing agreements, prime brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables and derivative contracts. Collateral is generally used under repurchase and other securities financing agreements, to cover short sales and to collateralize derivative contracts and deposits.
The following table presents the fair value of collateral accepted.
(in billions)March 31, 2022December 31, 2021
Collateral permitted to be sold or repledged, delivered, or otherwise used
$1,542.6 $1,471.3 
Collateral sold, repledged, delivered or otherwise used1,183.2 1,111.0 
158

Note 24 – Litigation
Contingencies
As of March 31, 2022, the Firm and its subsidiaries and affiliates are defendants or respondents in numerous legal proceedings, including private, civil litigations, government investigations or regulatory enforcement matters. The litigations range from individual actions involving a single plaintiff to class action lawsuits with potentially millions of class members. Investigations and regulatory enforcement matters involve both formal and informal proceedings, by both governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations. These legal proceedings are at varying stages of adjudication, arbitration or investigation, and involve each of the Firm’s lines of business and several geographies and a wide variety of claims (including common law tort and contract claims and statutory antitrust, securities and consumer protection claims), some of which present novel legal theories.
The Firm believes the estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses, in excess of reserves established, for its legal proceedings is from $0 to approximately $1.4 billion at March 31, 2022. This estimated aggregate range of reasonably possible losses was based upon information available as of that date for those proceedings in which the Firm believes that an estimate of reasonably possible loss can be made. For certain matters, the Firm does not believe that such an estimate can be made, as of that date. The Firm’s estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses involves significant judgment, given:
•the number, variety and varying stages of the proceedings, including the fact that many are in preliminary stages,
•the existence in many such proceedings of multiple defendants, including the Firm, whose share of liability (if any) has yet to be determined,
•the numerous yet-unresolved issues in many of the proceedings, including issues regarding class certification and the scope of many of the claims, and
•the attendant uncertainty of the various potential outcomes of such proceedings, including where the Firm has made assumptions concerning future rulings by the court or other adjudicator, or about the behavior or incentives of adverse parties or regulatory authorities, and those assumptions prove to be incorrect.
In addition, the outcome of a particular proceeding may be a result which the Firm did not take into account in its estimate because the Firm had deemed the likelihood of that outcome to be remote. Accordingly, the Firm’s estimate of the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses will change from time to time, and actual losses may vary significantly.
Set forth below are descriptions of the Firm’s material legal proceedings.
Amrapali. India’s Enforcement Directorate (“ED”) is investigating J.P. Morgan India Private Limited in connection with investments made in 2010 and 2012 by two offshore funds formerly managed by JPMorgan Chase entities into residential housing projects developed by the Amrapali Group (“Amrapali”). In 2017, numerous creditors filed civil claims against Amrapali, including petitions brought by home buyers relating to delays in delivering or failure to deliver residential units. The home buyers’ petitions have been overseen by the Supreme Court of India and are ongoing. In August 2021, the ED issued an order fining J.P. Morgan India Private Limited approximately $31.5 million. The Firm is appealing the order and the fine. Relatedly, in July 2019, the Supreme Court of India issued an order making preliminary findings that Amrapali and other parties, including unspecified JPMorgan Chase entities and the offshore funds that had invested in the projects, violated certain currency control and money laundering provisions, and ordering the ED to conduct a further inquiry under India’s Prevention of Money Laundering Act (“PMLA”) and Foreign Exchange Management Act (“FEMA”). In May 2020, the ED attached approximately $25 million from J.P. Morgan India Private Limited in connection with the criminal PMLA investigation. The Firm is responding to and cooperating with the PMLA investigation.
Federal Republic of Nigeria Litigation. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. operated an escrow and depository account for the Federal Government of Nigeria (“FGN”) and two major international oil companies. The account held approximately $1.1 billion in connection with a dispute among the clients over rights to an oil field. Following the settlement of the dispute, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. paid out the monies in the account in 2011 and 2013 in accordance with directions received from its clients. In November 2017, the Federal Republic of Nigeria (“FRN”) commenced a claim in the English High Court for approximately $875 million in payments made out of the accounts. The FRN, claiming to be the same entity as the FGN, alleges that the payments were instructed as part of a complex fraud not involving JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., but that JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. was or should have been on notice that the payments may be fraudulent. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. applied for summary judgment and was unsuccessful. A trial was held between February and April 2022, and the parties are awaiting the Court's decision.
Foreign Exchange Investigations and Litigation. The Firm previously reported settlements with certain government authorities relating to its foreign exchange (“FX”) sales and trading activities and controls related to those activities. Among those resolutions, in May 2015, the Firm pleaded guilty to a single violation of federal antitrust law. The Department of Labor granted the Firm a five-year
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exemption of disqualification that allows the Firm and its affiliates to continue to rely on the Qualified Professional Asset Manager exemption under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”) until January 2023. The Firm will need the Department of Labor to approve a further exemption to cover the remainder of the ten-year disqualification period following the antitrust plea. The only remaining FX-related governmental inquiry is a South Africa Competition Commission matter which is currently pending before the South Africa Competition Tribunal.
With respect to civil litigation matters, in August 2018, the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York granted final approval to the Firm’s settlement of a consolidated class action brought by U.S.-based plaintiffs, which principally alleged violations of federal antitrust laws based on an alleged conspiracy to manipulate foreign exchange rates and also sought damages on behalf of persons who transacted in FX futures and options on futures. Certain members of the settlement class filed requests to the Court to be excluded from the class, and certain of them filed a complaint against the Firm and other foreign exchange dealers in November 2018. A number of these actions remain pending. Further, a putative class action has been filed against the Firm and other foreign exchange dealers on behalf of certain consumers who purchased foreign currencies at allegedly inflated rates. Another putative class action was brought against the Firm and other foreign exchange dealers on behalf of purported indirect purchasers of FX instruments. In 2020, the Court approved a settlement by the Firm and 11 other defendants of that class action for a total of $10 million. In addition, some FX-related individual and putative class actions based on similar alleged underlying conduct have been filed outside the U.S., including in the U.K., Israel, the Netherlands, Brazil and Australia. In a putative class action pending before the U.K. Competition Appeal Tribunal, the tribunal has denied a request by the proposed class representatives for class certification on an opt-out basis.
Inquiries Concerning Preservation Requirements. In December 2021 certain of the Firm’s subsidiaries entered into resolutions with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) and the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) to resolve their respective civil investigations of compliance with records preservation requirements applicable to broker-dealer firms, swap dealers and futures commission merchants. The SEC and CFTC found that J.P. Morgan Securities LLC did not maintain copies of certain communications required to be maintained under their respective record keeping rules, where such communications were sent or received by employees over electronic messaging channels that had not been approved for employee use by the Firm. The CFTC resolution also included JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities plc as swap dealers. The SEC and CFTC also found related supervision failures. Under these resolutions, J.P. Morgan Securities LLC paid a $125 million civil monetary penalty to the SEC, and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC,
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities plc paid a total $75 million civil monetary penalty to the CFTC. The Firm continues to respond to requests for information and other material from certain authorities concerning its compliance with records preservation requirements in connection with business communications sent over electronic messaging channels that have not been approved by the Firm. The Firm is cooperating with these inquiries.
In March 2022, a shareholder derivative action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Firm’s Board of Directors asserting breaches of fiduciary duty and violation of federal securities laws based on the Board’s alleged failure to exercise adequate oversight over compliance with records preservation requirements. The complaint seeks damages, restitution, disgorgement and corporate governance reforms.
Interchange Litigation. Groups of merchants and retail associations filed a series of class action complaints alleging that Visa and Mastercard, as well as certain banks, conspired to set the price of credit and debit card interchange fees and enacted related rules in violation of antitrust laws. In 2012, the parties initially settled the cases for a cash payment, a temporary reduction of credit card interchange, and modifications to certain credit card network rules. In 2017, after the approval of that settlement was reversed on appeal, the case was remanded to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York for further proceedings consistent with the appellate decision.
The original class action was divided into two separate actions, one seeking primarily monetary relief and the other seeking primarily injunctive relief. In September 2018, the parties to the monetary class action finalized an agreement which amends and supersedes the prior settlement agreement. Pursuant to this settlement, the defendants collectively contributed an additional $900 million to the approximately $5.3 billion previously held in escrow from the original settlement. In December 2019, the amended settlement agreement was approved by the District Court. Certain merchants appealed the District Court’s approval order, and those appeals are pending. Based on the percentage of merchants that opted out of the amended class settlement, $700 million has been returned to the defendants from the settlement escrow in accordance with the settlement agreement. The injunctive class action continues separately, and in September 2021, the District Court granted plaintiffs’ motion for class certification in part, and denied the motion in part.
In addition, certain merchants have filed individual actions raising similar allegations against Visa and Mastercard, as well as against the Firm and other banks, and some of those actions remain pending.
LIBOR and Other Benchmark Rate Investigations and Litigation. JPMorgan Chase has responded to inquiries from various governmental agencies and entities around the
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world relating primarily to the British Bankers Association’s ("BBA") London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) for various currencies and the European Banking Federation’s Euro Interbank Offered Rate (“EURIBOR”). The Swiss Competition Commission’s investigation relating to EURIBOR, to which the Firm and other banks are subject, continues. In December 2016, the European Commission issued a decision against the Firm and other banks finding an infringement of European antitrust rules relating to EURIBOR. The Firm has filed an appeal of that decision with the European General Court, and that appeal is pending.
In addition, the Firm has been named as a defendant along with other banks in various individual and putative class actions related to benchmark rates, including U.S. dollar LIBOR. In actions related to U.S. dollar LIBOR during the period that it was administered by the BBA, the Firm has obtained dismissal of certain actions and resolved certain other actions, and others are in various stages of litigation. The United States District Court for the Southern District of New York has granted class certification of antitrust claims related to bonds and interest rate swaps sold directly by the defendants, including the Firm. A consolidated putative class action related to the period that U.S. dollar LIBOR was administered by ICE Benchmark Administration has been dismissed. In addition, a group of individual plaintiffs filed a lawsuit asserting antitrust claims, alleging that the Firm and other defendants were engaged in an unlawful agreement to set U.S. dollar LIBOR and conspired to monopolize the market for LIBOR-based consumer loans and credit cards. Defendants moved to dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint. In December 2021, the court denied plaintiffs’ motions for a preliminary injunction seeking to enjoin defendants from setting U.S. dollar LIBOR and enforcing any financial instruments that rely on U.S. dollar LIBOR. The Firm’s settlements of putative class actions related to Swiss franc LIBOR, the Singapore Interbank Offered Rate and the Singapore Swap Offer Rate, and the Australian Bank Bill Swap Reference Rate remain subject to court approval.
Metals and U.S. Treasuries Investigations and Litigation and Related Inquiries. The Firm previously reported that it and/or certain of its subsidiaries had entered into resolutions with the U.S. Department of Justice (“DOJ”), the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (“CFTC”) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), which, collectively, resolved those agencies’ respective investigations relating to historical trading practices by former employees in the precious metals and U.S. treasuries markets and related conduct from 2008 to 2016.
The Firm entered into a Deferred Prosecution Agreement (“DPA”) with the DOJ in which it agreed to the filing of a criminal information charging JPMorgan Chase & Co. with two counts of wire fraud and agreed, along with JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, to certain terms and obligations as set forth therein. Under the terms of the DPA, the criminal information will be dismissed after three years, provided that JPMorgan Chase & Co., JPMorgan
Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC fully comply with all of their obligations.
Across the three resolutions with the DOJ, CFTC and SEC, JPMorgan Chase & Co., JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and J.P. Morgan Securities LLC agreed to pay a total monetary amount of approximately $920 million. A portion of the total monetary amount includes victim compensation payments.
Several putative class action complaints have been filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Firm and certain former employees, alleging a precious metals futures and options price manipulation scheme in violation of the Commodity Exchange Act. Some of the complaints also allege unjust enrichment and deceptive acts or practices under the General Business Law of the State of New York. The Court consolidated these putative class actions, and, in December 2021, the Court preliminarily approved a settlement among the parties. In addition, several putative class actions were filed in the United States District Courts for the Northern District of Illinois and Southern District of New York against the Firm, alleging manipulation of U.S. Treasury futures and options, and bringing claims under the Commodity Exchange Act. The actions in the Northern District of Illinois were transferred to the Southern District of New York. The Court consolidated these putative class actions, and, in December 2021, the Court preliminarily approved a settlement among the parties. In Canada, plaintiffs have moved to commence putative class action proceedings based on similar alleged underlying conduct related to precious metals.
In October 2020, two putative class action complaints were filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York against the Firm and certain individual defendants on behalf of shareholders who acquired shares during the putative class period alleging that certain SEC filings of the Firm were materially false or misleading in that they did not disclose certain information relating to the above-referenced investigations. The Court consolidated these putative class actions in January 2021. Plaintiffs filed their second amended complaint in May 2021, which additionally alleged that certain orders in precious metals futures contracts placed by precious metals futures traders during the putative class period were materially false and misleading. Defendants have moved to dismiss.
Securities Lending Antitrust Litigation. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., J.P. Morgan Securities LLC, J.P. Morgan Prime, Inc., and J.P. Morgan Strategic Securities Lending Corp. are named as defendants in a putative class action filed in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The complaint asserts violations of federal antitrust law and New York State common law in connection with an alleged conspiracy to prevent the emergence of anonymous exchange trading for securities lending transactions. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint was denied.
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Plaintiffs have moved to certify a class in this action, which defendants are opposing.
* * *
In addition to the various legal proceedings discussed above, JPMorgan Chase and its subsidiaries are named as defendants or are otherwise involved in a substantial number of other legal proceedings. The Firm believes it has meritorious defenses to the claims asserted against it in its currently outstanding legal proceedings and it intends to defend itself vigorously. Additional legal proceedings may be initiated from time to time in the future.
The Firm has established reserves for several hundred of its currently outstanding legal proceedings. In accordance with the provisions of U.S. GAAP for contingencies, the Firm accrues for a litigation-related liability when it is probable that such a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. The Firm evaluates its outstanding legal proceedings each quarter to assess its litigation reserves, and makes adjustments in such reserves, upward or downward, as appropriate, based on management’s best judgment after consultation with counsel. The Firm’s legal expense was $119 million and $28 million for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. There is no assurance that the Firm’s litigation reserves will not need to be adjusted in the future.
In view of the inherent difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal proceedings, particularly where the claimants seek very large or indeterminate damages, or where the matters present novel legal theories, involve a large number of parties or are in early stages of discovery, the Firm cannot state with confidence what will be the eventual outcomes of the currently pending matters, the timing of their ultimate resolution or the eventual losses, fines, penalties or consequences related to those matters. JPMorgan Chase believes, based upon its current knowledge and after consultation with counsel, consideration of the material legal proceedings described above and after taking into account its current litigation reserves and its estimated aggregate range of possible losses, that the other legal proceedings currently pending against it should not have a material adverse effect on the Firm’s consolidated financial condition. The Firm notes, however, that in light of the uncertainties involved in such proceedings, there is no assurance that the ultimate resolution of these matters will not significantly exceed the reserves it has currently accrued or that a matter will not have material reputational consequences. As a result, the outcome of a particular matter may be material to JPMorgan Chase’s operating results for a particular period, depending on, among other factors, the size of the loss or liability imposed and the level of JPMorgan Chase’s income for that period.
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Note 25 – Business segments
The Firm is managed on an LOB basis. There are four major reportable business segments - Consumer & Community Banking, Corporate & Investment Bank, Commercial Banking and Asset & Wealth Management. In addition, there is a Corporate segment. The business segments are determined based on the products and services provided, or the type of customer served, and they reflect the manner in which financial information is currently evaluated by the Firm’s Operating Committee. Segment results are presented on a managed basis. Refer to Segment results below, and Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a further discussion of JPMorgan Chase’s business segments.
Segment results
The following table provides a summary of the Firm’s segment results as of or for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, on a managed basis. The Firm’s definition of managed basis starts with the reported U.S. GAAP results and includes certain reclassifications to present total net revenue for the Firm (and each of the
reportable business segments) on an FTE basis. Accordingly, revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities. Refer to Note 32 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on the Firm’s managed basis.
Capital allocation
The amount of capital assigned to each segment is referred to as equity. Periodically, the assumptions and methodologies used to allocate capital are reassessed and as a result, the capital allocated to the LOBs may change. Refer to Line of business equity on page 93 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for additional information on capital allocation.


Segment results and reconciliation(a)
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)		Consumer &
Community Banking		Corporate &
Investment Bank		Commercial BankingAsset & Wealth Management
20222021202220212022202120222021
Noninterest revenue$3,902$4,588$9,957$11,088$867$917$3,239$3,146
Net interest income8,3277,9293,5723,5171,5311,4761,076931
Total net revenue12,22912,51713,52914,6052,3982,3934,3154,077
Provision for credit losses
678(3,602)445(331)157(118)154(121)
Noninterest expense7,7207,2027,2987,1041,1299692,8602,574
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)
3,8318,9175,7867,8321,1121,5421,3011,624
Income tax expense/(benefit)9362,130
(b)
1,4011,908
(b)
262361
(b)
293364
(b)
Net income/(loss)$2,895$6,787
(b)
$4,385$5,924
(b)
$850$1,181
(b)
$1,008$1,260
(b)
Average equity
$50,000$50,000$103,000$83,000$25,000$24,000$17,000$14,000
Total assets486,183487,9781,460,4631,355,123235,127223,583233,070213,088
ROE23 %54 %17 %28 %
(b)
13 %19 %23 %36 %
(b)
Overhead ratio6358 54 49 47 40 66 63 
As of or for the three months
ended March 31,
(in millions, except ratios)		Corporate
Reconciling Items(a)
Total
202220212022202120222021
Noninterest revenue$(345)$382$(775)$(744)$16,845$19,377
Net interest income(536)(855)(98)(109)13,87212,889
Total net revenue(881)(473)(873)(853)30,71732,266
Provision for credit losses
2916——1,463(4,156)
Noninterest expense184876——19,19118,725
Income/(loss) before income tax expense/(benefit)(1,094)(1,365)(873)(853)10,06317,697
Income tax expense/(benefit)(238)(513)
(b)
(873)(853)1,7813,397
Net income/(loss)$(856)$(852)
(b)
$—$—$8,282$14,300
Average equity
$57,506$74,542$—$—$252,506$245,542
Total assets1,539,8441,409,564NANA3,954,6873,689,336
ROENMNMNMNM13 %23 %
Overhead ratioNMNMNMNM62 58 
(a)Segment managed results reflect revenue on an FTE basis with the corresponding income tax impact recorded within income tax expense/(benefit). These adjustments are eliminated in reconciling items to arrive at the Firm’s reported U.S. GAAP results.
(b)In the first quarter of 2022, the Firm changed its methodology for allocating income taxes to the LOBs, with no impact to Firmwide net income. Prior-period amounts have been revised to conform with the current presentation.


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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm


To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of JPMorgan Chase & Co.:
Results of Review of Interim Financial Statements
We have reviewed the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries (the “Firm”) as of March 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income and changes in stockholders’ equity for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021 and the consolidated statements of cash flows for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “interim financial statements”). Based on our reviews, we are not aware of any material modifications that should be made to the accompanying interim financial statements for them to be in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have previously audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheet of the Firm as of December 31, 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for the year then ended (not presented herein), and in our report dated February 22, 2022, which included a paragraph describing a change in the manner of accounting for credit losses on certain financial instruments in 2020, we expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements. In our opinion, the information set forth in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet information as of December 31, 2021, is fairly stated, in all material respects, in relation to the consolidated balance sheet from which it has been derived.
Basis for Review Results
These interim financial statements are the responsibility of the Firm’s management. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Firm in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our review in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. A review of interim financial information consists principally of applying analytical procedures and making inquiries of persons responsible for financial and accounting matters. It is substantially less in scope than an audit conducted in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB, the objective of which is the expression of an opinion regarding the financial statements taken as a whole. Accordingly, we do not express such an opinion.

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May 3, 2022






















PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 300 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017
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JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Consolidated average balance sheets, interest and rates (unaudited)
(Taxable-equivalent interest and rates; in millions, except rates)
Three months ended March 31, 2022Three months ended March 31, 2021
Average
balance
Interest(f)
Rate
(annualized)		Average
balance
Interest(f)
Rate
(annualized)
Assets
Deposits with banks$742,311 $238 0.13 %$631,606 $65 0.04 %
Federal funds sold and securities purchased under resale agreements
294,951 397 0.55 289,763 233 0.33 
Securities borrowed218,030 (87)(0.16)
(g)
175,019 (77)

(0.18)
(g)
Trading assets – debt instruments272,116 1,775 2.65 322,648 1,790 2.25 
Taxable securities642,633 1,979 1.25 550,579 1,605 1.18 
Nontaxable securities(a)
28,532 307 4.36 31,881 348 4.43 
Total investment securities671,165 2,286 1.38 
(h)
582,460 1,953 1.36 
(h)
Loans1,068,637 10,661 4.05 1,013,524 10,217 4.09 
All other interest-earning assets(b)
134,741 324 0.97 111,549 199 0.72 
Total interest-earning assets3,401,951 15,594 1.86 3,126,569 14,380 1.87 
Allowance for loan losses(16,415)(28,268)
Cash and due from banks27,964 25,168 
Trading assets – equity and other instruments156,908 164,010 
Trading assets – derivative receivables67,334 74,730 
Goodwill, MSRs and other intangible Assets57,546 53,932 
All other noninterest-earning assets211,500 196,700 
Total assets$3,906,788 $3,612,841 
Liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits$1,781,320 $182 0.04 %$1,610,467 $146 0.04 %
Federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements
250,215 117 0.19 301,386 15 0.02 
Short-term borrowings(c)
47,871 40 0.32 42,031 33 0.31 
Trading liabilities – debt and all other interest-bearing
liabilities(d)(e)
263,025 191 0.30 
(g)
230,922 27 0.05 
(g)
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs10,891 18 0.69 17,185 27 0.64 
Long-term debt254,180 1,076 1.72 239,398 1,134 1.92 
Total interest-bearing liabilities2,607,502 1,624 0.25 2,441,389 1,382 0.23 
Noninterest-bearing deposits734,233 614,165 
Trading liabilities – equity and other instruments(e)
43,394 35,029 
Trading liabilities – derivative payables54,522 67,960 
All other liabilities, including the allowance for lending-related commitments181,105 178,444 
Total liabilities3,620,756 3,336,987 
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred stock33,526 30,312 
Common stockholders’ equity252,506 245,542 
Total stockholders’ equity286,032 275,854 
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity$3,906,788 $3,612,841 
Interest rate spread1.61 %1.64 %
Net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets$13,970 1.67 $12,998 1.69 
(a)Represents securities which are tax-exempt for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
(b)Includes brokerage-related held-for-investment customer receivables, which are classified in accrued interest and accounts receivable, and all other interest-earning assets, which are classified in other assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.
(c)Includes commercial paper.
(d)All other interest-bearing liabilities include brokerage-related customer payables.
(e)The combined balance of trading liabilities – debt and equity instruments was $140.1 billion and $126.3 billion for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.
(f)Interest includes the effect of certain related hedging derivatives. Taxable-equivalent amounts are used where applicable.
(g)Negative interest income and yield are related to the impact of current interest rates combined with the fees paid on client-driven securities borrowed balances. The negative interest expense related to prime brokerage customer payables is recognized in interest expense and reported within trading liabilities - debt and all other interest-bearing liabilities.
(h)The annualized rate for securities based on amortized cost was 1.38% for each of the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and does not give effect to changes in fair value that are reflected in AOCI.

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ACRONYMS
2021 Form 10-K: Annual report on Form 10-K for year ended December 31, 2021, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
ABS: Asset-backed securities
Active foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings are ongoing. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
AFS: Available-for-sale
Allowance for loan losses to total retained loans: represents period-end allowance for loan losses divided by retained loans.
Amortized cost: Amount at which a financing receivable or investment is originated or acquired, adjusted for accretion or amortization of premium, discount, and net deferred fees or costs, collection of cash, charge-offs, foreign exchange, and fair value hedge accounting adjustments. For AFS securities, amortized cost is also reduced by any impairment losses recognized in earnings. Amortized cost is not reduced by the allowance for credit losses, except where explicitly presented net.
AOCI: Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)
ARM(s): Adjustable rate mortgage(s)
AUC: “Assets under custody”: Represents assets held directly or indirectly on behalf of clients under safekeeping, custody and servicing arrangements.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
AWM: Asset & Wealth Management
Beneficial interests issued by consolidated VIEs: represents the interest of third-party holders of debt, equity securities, or other obligations, issued by VIEs that JPMorgan Chase consolidates.
BHC: Bank holding company
Bridge Financing Portfolio: A portfolio of held-for-sale unfunded loan commitments and funded loans. The unfunded commitments include both short-term bridge loan commitments that will ultimately be replaced by longer term financing as well as term loan commitments. The funded loans include term loans and funded revolver facilities.
CB: Commercial Banking
CBB: Consumer & Business Banking
CCAR: Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
CCB: Consumer & Community Banking
CDS: Credit default swaps
CECL: Current Expected Credit Losses
CEO: Chief Executive Officer
CET1 capital: Common equity Tier 1 capital
CFO: Chief Financial Officer
CFTC: Commodity Futures Trading Commission
CIB: Corporate & Investment Bank
CIO: Chief Investment Office
Client assets: Represent assets under management as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Client deposits and other third-party liabilities: Deposits, as well as deposits that are swept to on-balance sheet liabilities (e.g., commercial paper, federal funds purchased and securities loaned or sold under repurchase agreements) as part of client cash management programs.
CLTV: Combined loan-to-value
CMT: Constant Maturity Treasury
Collateral-dependent: A loan is considered to be collateral-dependent when repayment of the loan is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral when the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including when foreclosure is deemed probable based on borrower delinquency.
Commercial Card: provides a wide range of payment services to corporate and public sector clients worldwide through the commercial card products. Services include procurement, corporate travel and entertainment, expense management services, and business-to-business payment solutions.
Credit derivatives: Financial instruments whose value is derived from the credit risk associated with the debt of a third-party issuer (the reference entity) which allow one party (the protection purchaser) to transfer that risk to another party (the protection seller). Upon the occurrence of a credit event by the reference entity, which may include, among other events, the bankruptcy or failure to pay its obligations, or certain restructurings of the debt of the reference entity, neither party has recourse to the reference entity. The protection purchaser has recourse to the protection seller for the difference between the face value of the CDS contract and the fair value at the time of settling the credit derivative contract. The determination as to whether a credit event has occurred is generally made by the relevant International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) Determinations Committee.
Criticized: Criticized loans, lending-related commitments and derivative receivables that are classified as special mention, substandard and doubtful categories for regulatory purposes and are generally consistent with a rating of CCC+/Caa1 and below, as defined by S&P and Moody’s.
CRR: Capital Requirements Regulation
CVA: Credit valuation adjustment
DVA: Debit valuation adjustment
EC: European Commission
Eligible HQLA: Eligible high-quality liquid assets, for purposes of calculating the LCR, is the amount of
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unencumbered HQLA that satisfy certain operational considerations as defined in the LCR rule.
Eligible LTD: Long-term debt satisfying certain eligibility criteria
Embedded derivatives: are implicit or explicit terms or features of a financial instrument that affect some or all of the cash flows or the value of the instrument in a manner similar to a derivative. An instrument containing such terms or features is referred to as a “hybrid.” The component of the hybrid that is the non-derivative instrument is referred to as the “host.” For example, callable debt is a hybrid instrument that contains a plain vanilla debt instrument (i.e., the host) and an embedded option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt issue at a specified date for a specified amount (i.e., the embedded derivative). However, a floating rate instrument is not a hybrid composed of a fixed-rate instrument and an interest rate swap.
EPS: Earnings per share
ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974
ESG: Environmental, Social and Governance
ETD: “Exchange-traded derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are executed on an exchange and settled via a central clearing house.
EU: European Union
Exchange-traded derivatives: Derivative contracts that are executed on an exchange and settled via a central clearing house.
Expense categories:
•Volume- and/or revenue-related expenses generally correlate with changes in the related business/transaction volume or revenue. Examples of volume- and revenue-related expenses include commissions and incentive compensation, depreciation expense related to operating lease assets, and brokerage expense related to equities trading transaction volume.
•Investments include expenses associated with supporting medium- to longer-term strategic plans of the Firm. Examples of investments include initiatives in technology (including related compensation), marketing, and compensation for new bankers and client advisors.
•Structural expenses are those associated with the day-to-day cost of running the bank and are expenses not covered by the above two categories. Examples of structural expenses include employee salaries and benefits, as well as noncompensation costs such as real estate and all other expenses.
Fannie Mae: Federal National Mortgage Association
FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board
FCA: Financial Conduct Authority
FDIC: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
Federal Reserve: The Board of the Governors of the Federal Reserve System
FFIEC: Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council
FHA: Federal Housing Administration
FHLB: Federal Home Loan Bank
FICO score: A measure of consumer credit risk based on information in consumer credit reports produced by Fair Isaac Corporation. Because certain aged data is excluded from credit reports based on rules in the Fair Credit Reporting Act, FICO scores may not reflect all historical information about a consumer.
FICC: Fixed Income Clearing Corporation
FINRA: Financial Industry Regulatory Authority
Firm: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Forward points: represents the interest rate differential between two currencies, which is either added to or subtracted from the current exchange rate (i.e., “spot rate”) to determine the forward exchange rate.
Freddie Mac: Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
Free-standing derivatives: is a derivative contract entered into either separate and apart from any of the Firm’s other financial instruments or equity transactions. Or, in conjunction with some other transaction and is legally detachable and separately exercisable.
FTE: Fully taxable-equivalent
FVA: Funding valuation adjustment
FX: Foreign exchange
G7: “Group of Seven nations”: Countries in the G7 are Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S.
G7 government securities: Securities issued by the government of one of the G7 nations.
Ginnie Mae: Government National Mortgage Association
GSIB: Global systemically important banks
HELOC: Home equity line of credit
Home equity – senior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorgan Chase holds the first security interest on the property.
Home equity – junior lien: represents loans and commitments where JPMorgan Chase holds a security interest that is subordinate in rank to other liens.
HQLA: High-quality liquid assets
HTM: Held-to-maturity
IBOR: Interbank Offered Rate
IDI: Insured depository institutions
IHC: JPMorgan Chase Holdings LLC, an intermediate holding company
Investment-grade: An indication of credit quality based on JPMorgan Chase’s internal risk assessment system. “Investment grade” generally represents a risk profile similar to a rating of a “BBB-”/“Baa3” or better, as defined by independent rating agencies.
IR: Interest rate
ISDA: International Swaps and Derivatives Association
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JPMorgan Chase: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A.: JPMorgan Chase Bank, National Association
JPMorgan Chase Foundation or Foundation: a not-for-profit organization that makes contributions for charitable and educational purposes.
J.P. Morgan Securities: J.P. Morgan Securities LLC
JPMSE: J.P. Morgan SE
LCR: Liquidity coverage ratio
LIBOR: London Interbank Offered Rate
LLC: Limited Liability Company
LOB: Line of business
LTV: “Loan-to-value ratio”: For residential real estate loans, the relationship, expressed as a percentage, between the principal amount of a loan and the appraised value of the collateral (i.e., residential real estate) securing the loan.
Origination date LTV ratio
The LTV ratio at the origination date of the loan. Origination date LTV ratios are calculated based on the actual appraised values of collateral (i.e., loan-level data) at the origination date.
Current estimated LTV ratio
An estimate of the LTV as of a certain date. The current estimated LTV ratios are calculated using estimated collateral values derived from a nationally recognized home price index measured at the metropolitan statistical area (“MSA”) level. These MSA-level home price indices consist of actual data to the extent available and forecasted data where actual data is not available. As a result, the estimated collateral values used to calculate these ratios do not represent actual appraised loan-level collateral values; as such, the resulting LTV ratios are necessarily imprecise and should therefore be viewed as estimates.
Combined LTV ratio
The LTV ratio considering all available lien positions, as well as unused lines, related to the property. Combined LTV ratios are used for junior lien home equity products.
Managed basis: A non-GAAP presentation of Firmwide financial results that includes reclassifications to present revenue on a fully taxable-equivalent basis. Management also uses this financial measure at the segment level, because it believes this provides information to enable investors to understand the underlying operational performance and trends of the particular business segment and facilitates a comparison of the business segment with the performance of competitors.
Markets: consists of CIB's Fixed Income Markets and Equity Markets businesses.
Master netting agreement: A single agreement with a counterparty that permits multiple transactions governed by that agreement to be terminated or accelerated and settled through a single payment in a single currency in the event of a default (e.g., bankruptcy, failure to make a
required payment or securities transfer or deliver collateral or margin when due).
MBS: Mortgage-backed securities
MD&A: Management’s discussion and analysis
Measurement alternative: Measures equity securities without readily determinable fair values at cost less impairment (if any), plus or minus observable price changes from an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.
Merchant Services: offers merchants payment processing capabilities, fraud and risk management, data and analytics, and other payments services. Through Merchant Services, merchants of all sizes can accept payments via credit and debit cards and payments in multiple currencies.
MEV: Macroeconomic variable
Moody’s: Moody’s Investor Services
Mortgage product types:
Alt-A
Alt-A loans are generally higher in credit quality than subprime loans but have characteristics that would disqualify the borrower from a traditional prime loan. Alt-A lending characteristics may include one or more of the following: (i) limited documentation; (ii) a high CLTV ratio; (iii) loans secured by non-owner occupied properties; or (iv) a debt-to-income ratio above normal limits. A substantial proportion of the Firm’s Alt-A loans are those where a borrower does not provide complete documentation of his or her assets or the amount or source of his or her income.
Option ARMs
The option ARM real estate loan product is an adjustable-rate mortgage loan that provides the borrower with the option each month to make a fully amortizing, interest-only or minimum payment. The minimum payment on an option ARM loan is based on the interest rate charged during the introductory period. This introductory rate is usually significantly below the fully indexed rate. The fully indexed rate is calculated using an index rate plus a margin. Once the introductory period ends, the contractual interest rate charged on the loan increases to the fully indexed rate and adjusts monthly to reflect movements in the index. The minimum payment is typically insufficient to cover interest accrued in the prior month, and any unpaid interest is deferred and added to the principal balance of the loan. Option ARM loans are subject to payment recast, which converts the loan to a variable-rate fully amortizing loan upon meeting specified loan balance and anniversary date triggers.
Prime
Prime mortgage loans are made to borrowers with good credit records who meet specific underwriting requirements, including prescriptive requirements related to income and overall debt levels. New prime mortgage borrowers provide full documentation and generally have reliable payment histories.

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Subprime
Subprime loans are loans that, prior to mid-2008, were offered to certain customers with one or more high risk characteristics, including but not limited to: (i) unreliable or poor payment histories; (ii) a high LTV ratio of greater than 80% (without borrower-paid mortgage insurance); (iii) a high debt-to-income ratio; (iv) an occupancy type for the loan is other than the borrower’s primary residence; or (v) a history of delinquencies or late payments on the loan.
MSR: Mortgage servicing rights
NA: Data is not applicable or available for the period presented.
Net Capital Rule: Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Net charge-off/(recovery) rate: represents net charge-offs/(recoveries) (annualized) divided by average retained loans for the reporting period.
Net interchange income includes the following components:
•Interchange income: Fees earned by credit and debit card issuers on sales transactions.
•Rewards costs: The cost to the Firm for points earned by cardholders enrolled in credit card rewards programs generally tied to sales transactions.
•Partner payments: Payments to co-brand credit card partners based on the cost of loyalty program rewards earned by cardholders on credit card transactions.
Net yield on interest-earning assets: The average rate for interest-earning assets less the average rate paid for all sources of funds.
NFA: National Futures Association
NM: Not meaningful
Nonaccrual loans: Loans for which interest income is not recognized on an accrual basis. Loans (other than credit card loans and certain consumer loans insured by U.S. government agencies) are placed on nonaccrual status when full payment of principal and interest is not expected, regardless of delinquency status, or when principal and interest has been in default for a period of 90 days or more unless the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. Collateral-dependent loans are typically maintained on nonaccrual status.
Nonperforming assets: Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, nonperforming derivatives and certain assets acquired in loan satisfactions, predominantly real estate owned and other commercial and personal property.
NSFR: Net Stable Funding Ratio
OCC: Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
OCI: Other comprehensive income/(loss)
OPEB: Other postretirement employee benefit
OTC: “Over-the-counter derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated, executed and settled bilaterally
between two derivative counterparties, where one or both counterparties is a derivatives dealer.
OTC cleared: “Over-the-counter cleared derivatives”: Derivative contracts that are negotiated and executed bilaterally, but subsequently settled via a central clearing house, such that each derivative counterparty is only exposed to the default of that clearing house.
Overhead ratio: Noninterest expense as a percentage of total net revenue.
Parent Company: JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Participating securities: represents unvested share-based compensation awards containing nonforfeitable rights to dividends or dividend equivalents (collectively, “dividends”), which are included in the earnings per share calculation using the two-class method. JPMorgan Chase grants restricted stock and RSUs to certain employees under its share-based compensation programs, which entitle the recipients to receive nonforfeitable dividends during the vesting period on a basis equivalent to the dividends paid to holders of common stock. These unvested awards meet the definition of participating securities. Under the two-class method, all earnings (distributed and undistributed) are allocated to each class of common stock and participating securities, based on their respective rights to receive dividends.
PCD: “Purchased credit deteriorated” assets represent acquired financial assets that as of the date of acquisition have experienced a more-than-insignificant deterioration in credit quality since origination, as determined by the Firm.
Pillar 1: The Basel framework consists of a three “Pillar” approach. Pillar 1 establishes minimum capital requirements, defines eligible capital instruments, and prescribes rules for calculating RWA.
Pillar 3: The Basel framework consists of a three “Pillar” approach. Pillar 3 encourages market discipline through disclosure requirements which allow market participants to assess the risk and capital profiles of banks.
PPP: Paycheck Protection Program under the Small Business Association ("SBA")
PRA: Prudential Regulation Authority
Pre-provision profit/(loss): represents total net revenue less noninterest expense. The Firm believes that this financial measure is useful in assessing the ability of a lending institution to generate income in excess of its provision for credit losses.
Principal transactions revenue: Principal transactions revenue is driven by many factors, including the bid-offer spread, which is the difference between the price at which the Firm is willing to buy a financial or other instrument and the price at which the Firm is willing to sell that instrument. It also consists of realized (as a result of closing out or termination of transactions, or interim cash payments) and unrealized (as a result of changes in valuation) gains and losses on financial and other instruments (including those accounted for under the fair value option) primarily used in
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client-driven market-making activities and on private equity investments. In connection with its client-driven market-making activities, the Firm transacts in debt and equity instruments, derivatives and commodities (including physical commodities inventories and financial instruments that reference commodities). Principal transactions revenue also includes certain realized and unrealized gains and losses related to hedge accounting and specified risk-management activities, including: (a) certain derivatives designated in qualifying hedge accounting relationships (primarily fair value hedges of commodity and foreign exchange risk), (b) certain derivatives used for specific risk management purposes, primarily to mitigate credit risk and foreign exchange risk, and (c) other derivatives.
PSU(s): Performance share units
Regulatory VaR: Daily aggregated VaR calculated in accordance with regulatory rules.
REO: Real estate owned
Reported basis: Financial statements prepared under U.S. GAAP, which excludes the impact of taxable-equivalent adjustments.
Retained loans: Loans that are held-for-investment (i.e. excludes loans held-for-sale and loans at fair value).
Revenue wallet: Total fee revenue based on estimates of investment banking fees generated across the industry (i.e., the revenue wallet) from investment banking transactions in M&A, equity and debt underwriting, and loan syndications. Source: Dealogic, a third-party provider of investment banking competitive analysis and volume based league tables for the above noted industry products.
RHS: Rural Housing Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
ROE: Return on equity
ROTCE: Return on tangible common equity
ROU assets: Right-of-use assets
RSU(s): Restricted stock units
RWA: “Risk-weighted assets”: Basel III establishes two comprehensive approaches for calculating RWA (a Standardized approach and an Advanced approach) which include capital requirements for credit risk, market risk, and in the case of Basel III Advanced, also operational risk. Key differences in the calculation of credit risk RWA between the Standardized and Advanced approaches are that for Basel III Advanced, credit risk RWA is based on risk-sensitive approaches which largely rely on the use of internal credit models and parameters, whereas for Basel III Standardized, credit risk RWA is generally based on supervisory risk-weightings which vary primarily by counterparty type and asset class. Market risk RWA is calculated on a generally consistent basis between Basel III Standardized and Basel III Advanced.
S&P: Standard and Poors
SA-CCR: Standardized Approach for Counterparty Credit Risk
SAR as it pertains to Hong Kong: Special Administrative Region
SAR(s) as it pertains to employee stock awards: Stock appreciation rights
SCB: Stress capital buffer
Scored portfolios: Consumer loan portfolios that predominantly include residential real estate loans, credit card loans, auto loans to individuals and certain small business loans.
SEC: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
Seed capital: Initial JPMorgan capital invested in products, such as mutual funds, with the intention of ensuring the fund is of sufficient size to represent a viable offering to clients, enabling pricing of its shares, and allowing the manager to develop a track record. After these goals are achieved, the intent is to remove the Firm’s capital from the investment.
Shelf securities: Securities registered with the SEC under a shelf registration statement that have not been issued, offered or sold. These securities are not included in league tables until they have actually been issued.
Single-name: Single reference-entities
SLR: Supplementary leverage ratio
SOFR: Secured Overnight Financing Rate
SPEs: Special purpose entities
Structural interest rate risk: represents interest rate risk of the non-trading assets and liabilities of the Firm.
Structured notes: Structured notes are financial instruments whose cash flows are linked to the movement in one or more indexes, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodities prices, prepayment rates, underlying reference pool of loans or other market variables. The notes typically contain embedded (but not separable or detachable) derivatives. Contractual cash flows for principal, interest, or both can vary in amount and timing throughout the life of the note based on non-traditional indexes or non-traditional uses of traditional interest rates or indexes.
Suspended foreclosures: Loans referred to foreclosure where formal foreclosure proceedings have started but are currently on hold, which could be due to bankruptcy or loss mitigation. Includes both judicial and non-judicial states.
Taxable-equivalent basis: In presenting managed results, the total net revenue for each of the business segments and the Firm is presented on a tax-equivalent basis. Accordingly, revenue from investments that receive tax credits and tax-exempt securities is presented in the managed results on a basis comparable to taxable investments and securities; the corresponding income tax impact related to tax-exempt items is recorded within income tax expense.
TBVPS: Tangible book value per share
TCE: Tangible common equity
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TDR: “Troubled debt restructuring” is deemed to occur when the Firm modifies the original terms of a loan agreement by granting a concession to a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty. Loans with short-term and other insignificant modifications that are not considered concessions are not TDRs.
TLAC: Total Loss Absorbing Capacity
U.K.: United Kingdom
Unaudited: Financial statements and/or information that have not been subject to auditing procedures by an independent registered public accounting firm.
U.S.: United States of America
U.S. GAAP: Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
U.S. government agencies: U.S. government agencies include, but are not limited to, agencies such as Ginnie Mae and FHA, and do not include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac which are U.S. government-sponsored enterprises (“U.S. GSEs”). In general, obligations of U.S. government agencies are fully and explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government in the event of a default.
U.S. GSE(s): “U.S. government-sponsored enterprises” are quasi-governmental, privately-held entities established or chartered by the U.S. government to serve public purposes as specified by the U.S. Congress to improve the flow of credit to specific sectors of the economy and provide certain essential services to the public. U.S. GSEs include Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but do not include Ginnie Mae or FHA. U.S. GSE obligations are not explicitly guaranteed as to the timely payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.
U.S. Treasury: U.S. Department of the Treasury
VA: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
VaR: “Value-at-risk” is a measure of the dollar amount of potential loss from adverse market moves in an ordinary market environment.
VIEs: Variable interest entities
Warehouse loans: consist of prime mortgages originated with the intent to sell that are accounted for at fair value and classified as loans.
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LINE OF BUSINESS METRICS
CONSUMER & COMMUNITY BANKING (“CCB”)
Debit and credit card sales volume: Dollar amount of card member purchases, net of returns.
Deposit margin/deposit spread: Represents net interest income expressed as a percentage of average deposits.
Home Lending Production and Home Lending Servicing revenue comprises the following:
Net mortgage servicing revenue: Includes operating revenue earned from servicing third-party mortgage loans, which is recognized over the period in which the service is provided; changes in the fair value of MSRs; the impact of risk management activities associated with MSRs; and gains and losses on securitization of excess mortgage servicing. Net mortgage servicing revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments of certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies.
Production revenue: Includes fees and income recognized as earned on mortgage loans originated with the intent to sell, and the impact of risk management activities associated with the mortgage pipeline and warehouse loans. Production revenue also includes gains and losses on sales and lower of cost or fair value adjustments on mortgage loans held-for-sale (excluding certain repurchased loans insured by U.S. government agencies), and changes in the fair value of financial instruments measured under the fair value option.
Mortgage origination channels comprise the following:
Retail: Borrowers who buy or refinance a home through direct contact with a mortgage banker employed by the Firm using a branch office, the Internet or by phone. Borrowers are frequently referred to a mortgage banker by a banker in a Chase branch, real estate brokers, home builders or other third parties.
Correspondent: Banks, thrifts, other mortgage banks and other financial institutions that sell closed loans to the Firm.
Credit Card: is a business that primarily issues credit cards to consumers and small businesses.
Net revenue rate: represents Credit Card net revenue (annualized) expressed as a percentage of average loans for the period.
Auto loan and lease origination volume: Dollar amount of auto loans and leases originated.
CORPORATE & INVESTMENT BANK (“CIB”)
Definition of selected CIB revenue:
Investment Banking: incorporates all revenue associated with investment banking activities, and is reported net of investment banking revenue shared with other LOBs.
Payments is a full service provider of cash management solutions, which primarily includes merchant acquiring, cross border and domestic payments, liquidity and account services, and global trade for multinational corporations, e-commerce and marketplace operators, and financial institutions.
Lending: includes net interest income, fees, gains or losses on loan sale activity, gains or losses on securities received as part of a loan restructuring, and the risk management results related to the credit portfolio.
Fixed Income Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making across global fixed income markets, including foreign exchange, interest rate, credit and commodities markets.
Equity Markets: primarily includes revenue related to market-making across global equity products, including cash instruments, derivatives, convertibles and prime brokerage.
Securities Services: primarily includes custody, fund accounting and administration, and securities lending products sold principally to asset managers, insurance companies and public and private investment funds. Also includes collateral management and depositary receipts businesses which provide collateral management products, and depositary bank services for American and global depositary receipt programs.
Description of certain business metrics:
Assets under custody (“AUC”): represents activities associated with the safekeeping and servicing of assets on which Securities Services earns fees.
Investment banking fees: represents advisory, equity underwriting, bond underwriting and loan syndication fees.
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COMMERCIAL BANKING (“CB”)
Commercial Banking provides comprehensive financial solutions, including lending, payments, investment banking and asset management products across three primary client segments: Middle Market Banking, Corporate Client Banking and Commercial Real Estate Banking. Other includes amounts not aligned with a primary client segment.
Middle Market Banking: covers small and midsized companies, local governments and nonprofit clients.
Corporate Client Banking: covers large corporations.
Commercial Real Estate Banking: covers investors, developers, and owners of multifamily, office, retail, industrial and affordable housing properties.
CB product revenue comprises the following:
Lending: includes a variety of financing alternatives, which are primarily provided on a secured basis; collateral includes receivables, inventory, equipment, real estate or other assets. Products include term loans, revolving lines of credit, bridge financing, asset-based structures, leases, and standby letters of credit.
Payments: includes revenue from a broad range of products and services that enable CB clients to manage payments and receipts, as well as invest and manage funds.
Investment banking: includes revenue from a range of products providing CB clients with sophisticated capital-raising alternatives, as well as balance sheet and risk management tools through advisory, equity underwriting, and loan syndications. Revenue from fixed income and equity market products used by CB clients is also included.
Other: revenue primarily includes tax-equivalent adjustments generated from Community Development Banking and activity derived from principal transactions.
ASSET & WEALTH MANAGEMENT (“AWM”)
Assets under management (“AUM”): represent assets managed by AWM on behalf of its Private Banking, Global Institutional and Global Funds clients. Includes "Committed capital not Called."
Client assets: represent assets under management, as well as custody, brokerage, administration and deposit accounts.
Multi-asset: Any fund or account that allocates assets under management to more than one asset class.
Alternative assets: The following types of assets constitute alternative investments – hedge funds, currency, real estate, private equity and other investment funds designed to focus on nontraditional strategies.
AWM’s lines of business consist of the following:
Asset Management: offers multi-asset investment management solutions across equities, fixed income, alternatives and money market funds to institutional and retail investors providing for a broad range of clients’ investment needs.
Global Private Bank: provides retirement products and services, brokerage, custody, trusts and estates, loans, mortgages, deposits and investment management to high net worth clients.
AWM’s client segments consist of the following:
Private Banking: clients include high- and ultra-high-net-worth individuals, families, money managers and business owners.
Global Institutional: clients include both corporate and public institutions, endowments, foundations, nonprofit organizations and governments worldwide.
Global Funds: clients include financial intermediaries and individual investors.
Asset Management has two high-level measures of its overall fund performance:
Percentage of mutual fund assets under management in funds rated 4- or 5-star: Mutual fund rating services rank funds based on their risk-adjusted performance over various periods. A 5-star rating is the best rating and represents the top 10% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 4-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 3-star rating represents the next 35% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 2-star rating represents the next 22.5% of industry-wide ranked funds. A 1-star rating is the worst rating and represents the bottom 10% of industry-wide ranked funds. An overall Morningstar rating is derived from a weighted average of the performance associated with a fund’s three-, five- and ten- year (if applicable) Morningstar Rating metrics. For U.S.-domiciled funds, separate star ratings are provided at the individual share class level. The Nomura “star rating” is based on three-year risk-adjusted performance only. Funds with fewer than three years of history are not rated and hence excluded from these rankings. All ratings, the assigned peer
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categories and the asset values used to derive these rankings are sourced from the applicable fund rating provider. Where applicable, the fund rating providers redenominate asset values into U.S. dollars. The percentage of AUM is based on star ratings at the share class level for U.S.-domiciled funds, and at a “primary share class” level to represent the star rating of all other funds, except for Japan, for which Nomura provides ratings at the fund level. The performance data may have been different if all share classes had been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Percentage of mutual fund assets under management in funds ranked in the 1st or 2nd quartile (one, three, and five years): All quartile rankings, the assigned peer categories and the asset values used to derive these rankings are sourced from the fund rating providers. Quartile rankings are based on the net-of-fee absolute return of each fund. Where applicable, the fund rating providers redenominate asset values into U.S. dollars. The percentage of AUM is based on fund performance and associated peer rankings at the share class level for U.S.-domiciled funds, at a “primary share class” level to represent the quartile ranking for U.K., Luxembourg and Hong Kong funds and at the fund level for all other funds. The performance data may have been different if all share classes had been included. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
“Primary share class” means the C share class for European funds and Acc share class for Hong Kong and Taiwan funds. If these share classes are not available, the oldest share class is used as the primary share class.
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Item 3.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
Refer to the Market Risk Management section of Management’s discussion and analysis and pages 133-140 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for a discussion of the quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.
Item 4.    Controls and Procedures.
As of the end of the period covered by this report, an evaluation was carried out under the supervision and with the participation of the Firm’s management, including its Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and its Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of its disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934). Based on that evaluation, the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective. Refer to Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 for the Certifications furnished by the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, respectively.
The Firm is committed to maintaining high standards of internal control over financial reporting. Nevertheless, because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements. Deficiencies or lapses in internal controls may occur from time to time, and there can be no assurance that any such deficiencies will not result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in internal control in the future and collateral consequences therefrom. Refer to “Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting” on page 156 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for further information. There was no change in the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) that occurred during the three months ended March 31, 2022, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Firm’s internal control over financial reporting.

Part II – Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings.
Refer to the discussion of the Firm’s material legal proceedings in Note 24 of this Form 10-Q for information that updates the disclosures set forth under Part I, Item 3: Legal Proceedings, in JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K.
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Refer to Part I, Item 1A: Risk Factors on pages 9-33 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K and Forward-Looking Statements on page 79 of this Form 10-Q for a discussion of certain risk factors affecting the Firm.
Supervision and regulation
Refer to the Supervision and regulation section on pages 4–8 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for information on Supervision and Regulation.
Item 2.    Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
The Firm did not have any unregistered sale of equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2022.
Repurchases under the common share repurchase program
Refer to Capital Risk Management on pages 35-40 of this Form 10-Q and pages 86-96 of JPMorgan Chase’s 2021 Form 10-K for information regarding repurchases under the Firm’s common share repurchase program.
On April 13, 2022, the Firm announced that its Board of Directors had authorized a new $30 billion common share repurchase program, effective May 1, 2022.
Through April 30, 2022, the Firm was authorized to repurchase up to $30 billion of common shares under its previously approved common share repurchase program, that was announced on December 18, 2020.



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Shares repurchased pursuant to the common share repurchase program during the three months ended March 31, 2022 were as follows.
Three months ended March 31, 2022Total number of shares of common stock repurchased
Average price paid per share of common stock(a)
Aggregate purchase price of common stock repurchases
 (in millions)(a)
Dollar value of remaining authorized repurchase
(in millions)(a)(b)
January1,361,242 $146.91 $200 $11,352 
February2,240,240 151.74 340 11,012 
March14,505,509 135.09 1,960 9,052 
First quarter18,106,991 $138.04 $2,500 $9,052 
(a)Excludes commissions cost.
(b)Represents the amount remaining under the $30 billion repurchase program.
Item 3.    Defaults Upon Senior Securities.
None.
Item 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
Item 5.    Other Information.
None.

Item 6.    Exhibits.
Exhibit No.Description of Exhibit
15
22
31.1
31.2
32
101.INS
The instance document does not appear in the interactive data file because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document.(c)
101.SCH
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.(a)
101.CAL
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.(a)
101.DEF
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.(a)
101.LAB
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.(a)
101.PRE
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.(a)
104Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document and included in Exhibit 101).
(a)Filed herewith.
(b)Furnished herewith. This exhibit shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section. Such exhibit shall not be deemed incorporated into any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
(c)Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, includes the following financial information included in the Firm’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2022, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) interactive data files: (i) the Consolidated statements of income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, (ii) the Consolidated statements of comprehensive income (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, (iii) the Consolidated balance sheets (unaudited) as of March 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, (iv) the Consolidated statements of changes in stockholders’ equity (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, (v) the Consolidated statements of cash flows (unaudited) for the three months ended March 31, 2022 and 2021, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited).
176

SIGNATURE



Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
JPMorgan Chase & Co.
(Registrant)

By:/s/ Elena Korablina
Elena Korablina
Managing Director and Firmwide Controller
(Principal Accounting Officer)

Date:May 3, 2022





177
Document

Exhibit 15
https://cdn.kscope.io/55540db5df1650115a029a0d86e07400-pwclogobwaa10.jpg
May 3, 2022

Securities and Exchange Commission 100 F Street, N.E.
Washington, DC 20549


Re:     JPMorgan Chase & Co.

    Registration Statements on Form S-3
    (No. 333-236659)
    (No. 333-236659-01)
    (No. 333-263304)


    Registration Statements on Form S-8
    (No. 333-219702)
    (No. 333-219701)
    (No. 333-219699)
    (No. 333-185584)
    (No. 333-185582)
    (No. 333-185581)
    (No. 333-175681)
    (No. 333-158325)
    (No. 333-142109)
    (No. 333-125827)
    (No. 333-112967)

Commissioners:


We are aware that our report dated May 3, 2022 on our review of interim financial information of JPMorgan Chase & Co. and its subsidiaries (the “Firm”), which appears in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, is incorporated by reference in the Registration Statements of the Firm referred to above. Pursuant to Rule 436(c) under the Securities Act of 1933, such report should not be considered a part of such Registration Statements, and is not a report within the meaning of Sections 7 and 11 of that Act.


Very truly yours,
/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP




PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, 300 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Document

Exhibit 31.1
JPMorgan Chase & Co.

CERTIFICATION

I, James Dimon, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of JPMorgan Chase & Co.;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)     Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)     Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)     Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)     Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
(a)     All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)     Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2022

/s/ James Dimon    
James Dimon
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer


Document

Exhibit 31.2
JPMorgan Chase & Co.

CERTIFICATION

I, Jeremy Barnum, certify that:
1.    I have reviewed this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q of JPMorgan Chase & Co.;
2.    Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;
3.    Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial information included in this report, fairly present in all material respects the financial condition, results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented in this report;
4.    The registrant's other certifying officer and I are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) for the registrant and have:
(a)     Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared;
(b)     Designed such internal control over financial reporting, or caused such internal control over financial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;
(c)     Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and
(d)     Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal control over financial reporting; and
5.    The registrant's other certifying officer and I have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial reporting, to the registrant's auditors and the audit committee of the registrant's board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent function):
(a)     All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or operation of internal control over financial reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information; and
(b)     Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal control over financial reporting.

Date: May 3, 2022

/s/ Jeremy Barnum    
Jeremy Barnum
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


Document

Exhibit 32
JPMorgan Chase & Co.


CERTIFICATION PURSUANT TO 18 U.S.C. SECTION 1350, AS ADOPTED PURSUANT TO
SECTION 906 OF THE SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002


In connection with the Quarterly Report of JPMorgan Chase & Co. on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2022 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on the date hereof (the “Report”), each of the undersigned officers of JPMorgan Chase & Co., certify, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, that:
1.    The Report fully complies with the requirements of Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934; and
2.    The information contained in the Report fairly presents, in all material respects, the financial condition and results of operations of JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Date:May 3, 2022By:/s/James Dimon
James Dimon
Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date:May 3, 2022By:/s/Jeremy Barnum
Jeremy Barnum
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer


This certification accompanies this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and shall not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or otherwise subject to the liability of that Section.

A signed original of this written statement required by Section 906 has been provided to, and will be retained by, JPMorgan Chase & Co. and furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission or its staff upon request.